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Parameter List

Every parameter in the default file bundled with ClimaParams.jl (src/parameters.toml), grouped by the sections of that file. This page is generated by the documentation build, so it cannot drift from the file it documents.

Retrieve any of these by name:

import ClimaParams as CP
toml_dict = CP.create_toml_dict(Float64)
toml_dict["gravitational_acceleration"]

See Adding and Changing Parameters to add one.

There are 678 parameters in 15 groups.

Universal Physical Constants

NameValueTypeDescription
universal_gas_constant8.3144598floatUniversal gas constant ($R$) (J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹).
light_speed299792458floatSpeed of light in vacuum ($c$) (m s⁻¹).
planck_constant6.626e-34floatPlanck's constant ($h$) (J s).
boltzmann_constant1.381e-23floatBoltzmann's constant ($k_B$) (J K⁻¹).
stefan_boltzmann_constant5.67e-8floatStefan-Boltzmann constant ($\sigma$) (W m⁻² K⁻⁴).
astronomical_unit149597870700floatAstronomical unit (AU) (m). Exact by the IAU 2012 definition (Resolution B2).
avogadro_constant6.02214076e23floatAvogadro's constant ($N_A$) (mol⁻¹).

Planetary and Orbital Parameters (Earth Defaults)

NameValueTypeDescription
planet_radius6371000floatMean radius of the planet (m).
day86400floatLength of a day (s).
angular_velocity_planet_rotation7.2921159e-5floatAngular velocity of planetary rotation ($\Omega$) (rad s⁻¹).
f_plane_coriolis_frequency0floatCoriolis frequency on an f-plane (s⁻¹).
gravitational_acceleration9.81floatGravitational acceleration on the planet (m s⁻²).
anomalistic_year_length3.15584335e7floatLength of an anomalistic year (s). Derived as 365.2596 * day, from the JPL (Standish) 1800-2050 Earth-Moon barycenter rates: 360 / (35999.37244981 - 0.32327364) °/century.
length_orbit_semi_major149597870700floatSemi-major axis of the planetary orbit (m). Derived as 1 * astronomical_unit.
total_solar_irradiance1362floatTotal solar irradiance (TSI) at the mean orbital distance (W m⁻²).
epoch_time2000-01-01T11:58:55.816datetimeJ2000 epoch (Jan 1, 2000 11:58:55.816 UTC) as a DateTime.
mean_anomaly_at_epoch6.2400213902floatMean anomaly at J2000 epoch (radians). Corresponds to 357.52688973°, from the JPL (Standish) 1800-2050 Earth-Moon barycenter elements as mean longitude minus longitude of perihelion, 100.46457166° - 102.93768193°.
orbit_obliquity_at_epoch0.4090926006floatMean obliquity of the ecliptic at J2000 epoch (radians). Corresponds to 23.43927944° = 84381.406", the IAU 2006 value. Source: Capitaine et al. (2003), DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20020420.
longitude_perihelion_at_epoch4.93819412764floatLongitude of perihelion of the Sun's apparent orbit at J2000 epoch, measured eastward from the vernal equinox (radians). Corresponds to 282.93768193°, i.e. the JPL (Standish) 1800-2050 Earth-Moon barycenter longitude of perihelion 102.93768193° plus 180°.
orbit_eccentricity_at_epoch0.01671123floatOrbital eccentricity at J2000 epoch (unitless). JPL (Standish) 1800-2050 Earth-Moon barycenter value.

Thermodynamic Constants

NameValueTypeDescription
gas_constant_dry_air287.0floatGas constant for dry air (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).
isobaric_specific_heat_dry_air1004.5floatIsobaric specific heat of dry air (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).
molar_mass_dry_air0.02897floatMolar mass of dry air (kg mol⁻¹).
adiabatic_exponent_dry_air0.28571428571floatAdiabatic exponent for dry air ($\kappa_d$), derived from $R_d/c_{pd}$ or 2/7 (unitless).
density_liquid_water1000floatDensity of liquid water (kg m⁻³).
density_ice_water916.7floatDensity of water ice (kg m⁻³).
gas_constant_vapor461.5floatGas constant for water vapor (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).
molar_mass_water0.01801528floatMolar mass of water (kg mol⁻¹).
isobaric_specific_heat_vapor1859floatIsobaric specific heat of water vapor (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).
isobaric_specific_heat_liquid4181floatIsobaric specific heat of liquid water (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).
isobaric_specific_heat_ice2070.0floatIsobaric specific heat of ice (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).
temperature_water_freeze273.15floatFreezing temperature of water (K).
temperature_minimum150floatMinimum temperature for thermodynamic calculations (K).
specific_humidity_minimum1.0e-10floatMinimum specific humidity threshold (kg kg⁻¹). Used as a lower bound when comparing or regularizing humidity values.
specific_humidity_maximum0.1floatMaximum specific humidity for thermodynamic calculations (kg kg⁻¹).
temperature_saturation_adjustment_init_min150floatMinimum temperature for saturation adjustment initialization (K).
temperature_saturation_adjustment_min1floatMinimum temperature difference for unsaturated case in saturation adjustment (K).
temperature_saturation_adjustment_max1000floatMaximum temperature for saturation adjustment (K).
temperature_homogenous_nucleation233floatTemperature for homogeneous ice nucleation (K).
pow_icenuc1floatExponent in the ice nucleation parameterization (unitless).
temperature_triple_point273.16floatTriple point temperature of water (K).
thermodynamics_temperature_reference273.16floatReference temperature for thermodynamics (K).
latent_heat_vaporization_at_reference2500800floatLatent heat of vaporization at the reference temperature (J kg⁻¹).
latent_heat_sublimation_at_reference2834400floatLatent heat of sublimation at the reference temperature (J kg⁻¹).
pressure_triple_point611.657floatTriple point pressure of water (Pa).
surface_tension_water0.072floatSurface tension of water (N m⁻¹).
entropy_dry_air6864.8floatSpecific entropy of dry air at the reference temperature and pressure (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).
entropy_water_vapor10513.6floatSpecific entropy of water vapor at the reference temperature and pressure (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).
entropy_reference_temperature298.15floatReference temperature for entropy calculations (K).
potential_temperature_reference_pressure100000.0floatReference pressure for potential temperature calculations ($p_0$) (Pa).
mean_sea_level_pressure101325floatMean sea level pressure ($p_{MSL}$) (Pa).
temperature_surface_reference288floatSurface temperature in a reference temperature profile (K).
temperature_min_reference215floatMinimum temperature in a reference temperature profile (K).
reference_temperature_exponent7floatExponent $s_\text{ref}$ of the Exner function in the hydrostatic reference temperature profile $T_r(p) = T_\text{min} + (T_\text{sfc} - T_\text{min})\,\Pi(p)^{s_\text{ref}}$ (unitless).
reference_relative_humidity0.5floatReference relative humidity used to build a reference total moisture specific humidity profile (unitless).
reference_moisture_cutoff_pressure25000floatPressure cutoff above which the reference-state total-water specific humidity is clipped to zero (Pa). Keeps the reference profile confined to the troposphere, avoiding unphysical stratospheric growth.

Ocean

NameValueTypeDescription
density_ocean_reference1035floatReference density of sea water (kg m⁻³).
specific_heat_ocean3991.86795711963floatSpecific heat of sea water (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).

Surface Fluxes

NameValueTypeDescription
richardson_critical1.0floatCritical Richardson number ($Ri_{crit}$) defining the cutoff for stable mixing (unitless). Source: Frierson et al. (2006), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3753.1.
surface_layer_fraction0.1floatThe surface layer thickness as a fraction of the planetary boundary layer height (unitless). Source: Frierson et al. (2006), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3753.1.
gustiness1.0floatA parameter accounting for near-surface gustiness (m s⁻¹).
default_momentum_roughness_length0.0002floatDefault momentum roughness length (m).
default_scalar_roughness_length2.0e-5floatDefault scalar roughness length (m).
stanton_number0.1floatStanton number: ratio of heat to momentum roughness lengths (unitless).
charnock_wind_low10floatUpper bound of low-wind speed regime for Charnock parameter (m s⁻¹).
charnock_parameter_low0.011floatCharnock parameter $\alpha$ for momentum roughness length in low wind ($z_0 = \alpha u_*^2 / g$) (unitless).
charnock_wind_high18floatLower bound of high-wind speed regime for Charnock parameter (m s⁻¹).
charnock_parameter_high0.018floatCharnock parameter $\alpha$ for momentum roughness length in high wind ($z_0 = \alpha u_*^2 / g$) (unitless).
gustiness_coeff1.25floatCoefficient multiplying Deardorff convective velocity scale in gustiness parameterization (unitless).
gustiness_zi1000.0floatThickness of boundary layer assumed in the gustiness parameterization based on the Deardorff convective velocity scale (m).
von_karman_constant0.4floatThe von Kármán constant ($\kappa$) describing the logarithmic velocity profile near a boundary (unitless).

Businger

NameValueTypeDescription
prandtl_number_0_businger0.74floatThe turbulent Prandtl number in neutral conditions ($Pr_0$) for the Businger universal functions (unitless). Source: Businger et al. (1971), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_a_m_businger4.7floatCoefficient $a_m$ for the Businger momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Businger et al. (1971), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_b_m_businger15.0floatCoefficient $b_m$ for the Businger momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Businger et al. (1971), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_a_h_businger4.7floatCoefficient $a_h$ for the Businger heat universal function (unitless). Source: Businger et al. (1971), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_b_h_businger9.0floatCoefficient $b_h$ for the Businger heat universal function (unitless). Source: Businger et al. (1971), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2.
most_stability_parameter_businger2.5floatThe MOST stability parameter ($\zeta_a$) for the Businger universal functions (unitless). Source: Businger et al. (1971), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2.
most_stability_exponent_businger4.42floatThe MOST stability exponent ($\gamma$) for the Businger universal functions (unitless). Source: Businger et al. (1971), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2.

Gryanik

NameValueTypeDescription
prandtl_number_0_gryanik0.98floatThe turbulent Prandtl number in neutral conditions ($Pr_0$) for the Gryanik universal functions (unitless). Source: Gryanik et al. (2020), DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0255.1.
coefficient_a_m_gryanik5.0floatCoefficient $a_m$ for the Gryanik momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Gryanik et al. (2020), DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0255.1.
coefficient_a_h_gryanik5.0floatCoefficient $a_h$ for the Gryanik heat universal function (unitless). Source: Gryanik et al. (2020), DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0255.1.
coefficient_b_m_gryanik0.3floatCoefficient $b_m$ for the Gryanik momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Gryanik et al. (2020), DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0255.1.
coefficient_b_h_gryanik0.4floatCoefficient $b_h$ for the Gryanik heat universal function (unitless). Source: Gryanik et al. (2020), DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0255.1.
most_stability_parameter_gryanik7.25floatThe MOST stability parameter ($\zeta_a$) for the Gryanik universal functions (unitless). Source: Gryanik et al. (2020), DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0255.1.
most_stability_exponent_gryanik3.62floatThe MOST stability exponent ($\gamma$) for the Gryanik universal functions (unitless). Source: Gryanik et al. (2020), DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0255.1.

Grachev

NameValueTypeDescription
prandtl_number_0_grachev0.98floatThe turbulent Prandtl number in neutral conditions ($Pr_0$) for the Grachev universal functions (unitless). Source: Grachev et al. (2007), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-007-9177-6.
coefficient_a_m_grachev5.0floatCoefficient $a_m$ for the Grachev momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Grachev et al. (2007), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-007-9177-6.
coefficient_a_h_grachev5.0floatCoefficient $a_h$ for the Grachev heat universal function (unitless). Source: Grachev et al. (2007), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-007-9177-6.
coefficient_b_m_grachev0.7692307692307693floatDerived coefficient $b_m$ for the Grachev momentum universal function, calculated as $a_m / 6.5$ (unitless). Source: Grachev et al. (2007), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-007-9177-6.
coefficient_b_h_grachev5.0floatCoefficient $b_h$ for the Grachev heat universal function (unitless). Source: Grachev et al. (2007), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-007-9177-6.
coefficient_c_h_grachev3.0floatCoefficient $c_h$ for the Grachev heat universal function (unitless). Source: Grachev et al. (2007), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-007-9177-6.
most_stability_parameter_grachev3.6floatThe MOST stability parameter ($\zeta_a$) for the Grachev universal functions (unitless). Source: Grachev et al. (2007), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-007-9177-6.
most_stability_exponent_grachev2.92floatThe MOST stability exponent ($\gamma$) for the Grachev universal functions (unitless). Source: Grachev et al. (2007), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-007-9177-6.

Cheng

NameValueTypeDescription
prandtl_number_0_cheng1.0floatThe turbulent Prandtl number in neutral conditions ($Pr_0$) for the Cheng universal functions (unitless). Source: Cheng et al. (2005), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-004-1425-4.
coefficient_a_m_cheng6.1floatCoefficient $a_m$ for the Cheng momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Cheng et al. (2005), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-004-1425-4.
coefficient_a_h_cheng5.3floatCoefficient $a_h$ for the Cheng heat universal function (unitless). Source: Cheng et al. (2005), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-004-1425-4.
coefficient_b_m_cheng2.5floatCoefficient $b_m$ for the Cheng momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Cheng et al. (2005), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-004-1425-4.
coefficient_b_h_cheng1.1floatCoefficient $b_h$ for the Cheng heat universal function (unitless). Source: Cheng et al. (2005), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-004-1425-4.
most_stability_parameter_cheng4.5floatThe MOST stability parameter ($\zeta$) for the Cheng universal functions (unitless). Source: Cheng et al. (2005), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-004-1425-4.
most_stability_exponent_cheng2.28floatThe MOST stability exponent ($\gamma$) for the Cheng universal functions (unitless). Source: Cheng et al. (2005), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-004-1425-4.

Holtslag

NameValueTypeDescription
prandtl_number_0_holtslag1.0floatThe turbulent Prandtl number in neutral conditions ($Pr_0$) for the Holtslag universal functions (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_a_m_holtslag0.7floatCoefficient $a_m$ for the Holtslag momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_a_h_holtslag0.7floatCoefficient $a_h$ for the Holtslag heat universal function (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_b_m_holtslag0.75floatCoefficient $b_m$ for the Holtslag momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_b_h_holtslag0.75floatCoefficient $b_h$ for the Holtslag heat universal function (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_c_m_holtslag5.0floatCoefficient $c_m$ for the Holtslag momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_c_h_holtslag5.0floatCoefficient $c_h$ for the Holtslag heat universal function (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_d_m_holtslag0.35floatCoefficient $d_m$ for the Holtslag momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_d_h_holtslag0.35floatCoefficient $d_h$ for the Holtslag heat universal function (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
most_stability_parameter_holtslag4.0floatThe MOST stability parameter ($\zeta_a$) for the Holtslag universal functions (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
most_stability_exponent_holtslag2.14floatThe MOST stability exponent ($\gamma$) for the Holtslag universal functions (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.

Beljaars

NameValueTypeDescription
prandtl_number_0_beljaars1.0floatThe turbulent Prandtl number in neutral conditions ($Pr_0$) for the Beljaars universal functions (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_a_m_beljaars1.0floatCoefficient $a_m$ for the Beljaars momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_a_h_beljaars1.0floatCoefficient $a_h$ for the Beljaars heat universal function (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_b_m_beljaars0.667floatCoefficient $b_m$ for the Beljaars momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_b_h_beljaars0.667floatCoefficient $b_h$ for the Beljaars heat universal function (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_c_m_beljaars5.0floatCoefficient $c_m$ for the Beljaars momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_c_h_beljaars5.0floatCoefficient $c_h$ for the Beljaars heat universal function (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_d_m_beljaars0.35floatCoefficient $d_m$ for the Beljaars momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_d_h_beljaars0.35floatCoefficient $d_h$ for the Beljaars heat universal function (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
most_stability_parameter_beljaars3.4floatThe MOST stability parameter ($\zeta_a$) for the Beljaars universal functions (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
most_stability_exponent_beljaars2.04floatThe MOST stability exponent ($\gamma$) for the Beljaars universal functions (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.

EDMF Scheme

Entrainment and Detrainment

NameValueTypeDescription
entr_param_vec[1.0, 1.0, 1.0, …] (12 entries)floatData-driven entrainment parameter vector (unitless).
entr_mult_limiter_coeff0.0floatExponent for the multiplicative entrainment limiter of the form $(1 - area)^c$ (unitless).
turb_entr_param_vec[0.001, 100000.0, 0.0]floatData-driven turbulent entrainment parameter vector (unitless).
entr_inv_tau0floatInverse timescale for entrainment (s⁻¹).
entr_inv_length0floatInverse length scale for entrainment (m⁻¹).
entr_coeff1floatCoefficient for the $w/z$ term in the entrainment closure (unitless).
entr_buoy_coeff0floatCoefficient for the $b/w^2$ term in the entrainment closure (unitless).
entr_vertdiv_coeff1floatCoefficient for the vertical divergence term in the entrainment closure (unitless).
min_area_limiter_scale0.001floatRate coefficient for the minimum area fraction limiter in entrainment (s⁻¹).
min_area_limiter_power1floatExponent for the minimum area fraction limiter in both entrainment and detrainment (unitless).
entr_detr_limit_inv_tau0floatInverse timescale for entrainment and detrainment for negligible area (s⁻¹).
detr_inv_tau0floatInverse timescale for detrainment (s⁻¹).
detr_coeff0.001floatCoefficient for the $w$ term in the detrainment closure (unitless).
detr_buoy_coeff0.12floatCoefficient for the $b/w^2$ term in the detrainment closure (unitless). Source: Tan et al. (2018), Eq. (27).
detr_buoy_inv_tau_max0.01floatMaximum allowed inverse buoyancy timescale (s⁻¹), used to limit detrainment when velocity differences become small and prevent excessively fast detrainment.
entr_detr_buoy_inv_tau_max0.01floatMaximum allowed inverse buoyancy timescale (s⁻¹), used to limit entrainment and detrainment when velocity differences become small and prevent excessively fast entrainment and detrainment.
detr_vertdiv_coeff1floatCoefficient for the vertical divergence term in the detrainment closure (unitless).
detr_massflux_vertdiv_coeff1floatCoefficient for the mass flux vertical divergence term in the detrainment closure (unitless).
detr_ramp_z_start20000.0floatStart height of the sigmoid ramp for the detrainment top limiter (m).
detr_ramp_steepness_factor10.0floatFactor setting the steepness of the sigmoid ramp for the detrainment top limiter (unitless), where the steepness is the factor divided by $(z_\text{end} - z_\text{start})$.
max_area_limiter_scale0.001floatRate coefficient for the maximum area fraction limiter in detrainment (s⁻¹).
max_area_limiter_power1floatExponent for the maximum area fraction limiter in detrainment (unitless).

Updraft Number, Area, and Surface Mass Flux

NameValueTypeDescription
updraft_number1integerNumber of updrafts in the EDMF scheme (unitless).
EDMF_max_surface_area0.1floatMaximum combined updraft surface-area fraction (unitless), reached in the free-convection limit of the EDMF surface mass-flux closure. The per-updraft cap is max_surface_area / N_updrafts. Source: Cohen et al. (2022), Table 2.
EDMF_max_area0.9floatMaximum area fraction per updraft (unitless).
EDMF_min_area1.0e-5floatMinimum area fraction per updraft (unitless).
EDMF_sfc_mass_flux_ustar_coeff1.0floatCoefficient $c_u$ weighting the friction-velocity contribution in the EDMF surface mass-flux blend $a_s = a_{s,\max} \cdot w_*^3 / (w_*^3 + c_u u_*^3)$ (unitless).
EDMF_convective_zi1000.0floatPrescribed convective boundary-layer depth $z_i$ used in the EDMF surface mass-flux closure $w_*^3 = z_i \langle w'b' \rangle_s$ (m).
EDMF_sfc_mass_flux_cap_fraction0.5floatFraction $\alpha$ of the surface scalar flux that the EDMF updraft may transport at the surface; caps the updraft mass-flux source so the environment retains at least $(1-\alpha)$ of every surface scalar flux (unitless).
EDMF_interface_entr_efficiency0.4floatEntrainment efficiency $A$ (unitless) in the EDMF interfacial entrainment diffusivity $K_e = \gamma w_e \Delta z$, $w_e = A \sqrt{TKE} / \max(\mathrm{Ri}_b, 1)$, which restores finite entrainment across an unresolved inversion represented by the interface-aware stability closure.

Mixing Length

NameValueTypeDescription
mixing_length_eddy_viscosity_coefficient0.14floatTKE diffusivity coefficient ($c_m$) for the EDMF mixing length closure (unitless). Source: Lopez-Gomez et al. (2020), Table 1.
mixing_length_diss_coeff0.22floatTKE dissipation coefficient ($c_d$) for the EDMF mixing length closure (unitless). Source: Lopez-Gomez et al. (2020), Table 1.
mixing_length_static_stab_coeff0.4floatStatic stability coefficient ($c_b$) for the EDMF mixing length closure (unitless). Source: Lopez-Gomez et al. (2020), Table 1.
mixing_length_tke_surf_scale3.75floatRatio of TKE to squared friction velocity ($\kappa_*^2$) in the surface layer for the EDMF mixing length closure (unitless). Source: Lopez-Gomez et al. (2020), Table 1.
mixing_length_tke_surf_flux_coeff2.5floatCoefficient multiplying flux in the $u_*^3$ surface flux formulation of TKE ($C_{flux}$) (unitless).
mixing_length_Prandtl_number_scale4.076923076923077floatCospectral budget factor for turbulent Prandtl number ($\omega_{pr}$) for the EDMF mixing length closure (unitless). Source: Lopez-Gomez et al. (2020), Eq. (36).
mixing_length_Prandtl_number_00.74floatTurbulent Prandtl number in neutral conditions ($Pr_{t,0}$) (unitless). Source: Lopez-Gomez et al. (2020), Table 1.
mixing_length_Prandtl_maximum10floatMaximum allowed turbulent Prandtl number (unitless).
mixing_length_Ri_crit0.25floatCritical gradient Richardson number ($Ri_{crit}$) (unitless). Source: Li (2019), Section 6.2.
mixing_length_smin_ub0.1floatLower limit for the smooth minimum function in the mixing length closure (unitless). Source: Lopez-Gomez et al. (2020), Eq. (40).
mixing_length_smin_rm1.5floatUpper ratio limit for the smooth minimum function in the mixing length closure (unitless). Source: Lopez-Gomez et al. (2020), Eq. (40).
mixing_length_l_max1.0e6floatUpper limit for the length scale in the mixing length closure (m). Source: Lopez-Gomez et al. (2020).
mixing_length_l_min10floatLower limit for the mixing length (m).
mixing_length_param_vec[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, …] (5 entries)floatData-driven mixing length parameter vector (unitless).

Entrainment and Detrainment Scaling Constants

NameValueTypeDescription
entrainment_factor0.13floatScaling constant for entrainment rate (unitless). Source: Cohen et al. (2022), Table 2.
detrainment_factor0.51floatScaling constant for detrainment rate (unitless). Source: Cohen et al. (2022), Table 2.
turbulent_entrainment_factor0.075floatScaling constant for turbulent entrainment rate (unitless). Source: Cohen et al. (2022), Table 2.
entrainment_smin_tke_coeff0.3floatScaling constant of the TKE term in the entrainment/detrainment inverse timescale smooth minimum (unitless). Source: Cohen et al. (2022), Table 2.
updraft_mixing_frac0.25floatFraction of updraft air used for buoyancy mixing in the entrainment/detrainment formulation (unitless). Source: Cohen et al. (2022), Table 2.
entrainment_area_limiter_scale4.0floatScaling factor (amplitude) of the exponential detrainment area limiter (unitless).
entrainment_area_limiter_power10.0floatExponential decay constant in the detrainment area limiter (unitless).
entrainment_scale0.0004floatDimensional constant scaling the logistic function argument in the entrainment/detrainment dry term (s⁻¹). Source: Cohen et al. (2022), Table 2.
entrainment_sorting_power2.0floatSorting power for the moisture term in the entrainment/detrainment formulation (unitless). Source: Cohen et al. (2022), Table 2.

Updraft Limiters

NameValueTypeDescription
minimum_updraft_velocity0.001floatMinimum updraft-environment vertical velocity difference (m s⁻¹).
minimum_updraft_top500.0floatMinimum updraft height limiter (m).

Perturbation Pressure

NameValueTypeDescription
pressure_normalmode_buoy_coeff10.12floatPressure buoyancy coefficient in the perturbation pressure closure (unitless). Source: He et al. (2022), Eq. (34).
pressure_normalmode_adv_coeff0.1floatPressure advection (damping) coefficient in the perturbation pressure closure (unitless). Source: He et al. (2022), Eq. (34).
pressure_normalmode_drag_coeff10.0floatUpdraft pressure drag coefficient in the perturbation pressure closure (unitless). Source: He et al. (2022), Eq. (34).
pressure_normalmode_param_vec[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, …] (5 entries)floatData-driven perturbation pressure parameter vector (unitless).

Subgrid-Scale Thermodynamics

NameValueTypeDescription
EDMF_thermodynamics_moisture_modelequilibriumstringMoisture model for EDMF thermodynamics. Options: 'equilibrium' (default), 'nonequilibrium'.
EDMF_thermodynamics_covariance_modeldiagnosticstringCovariance model for EDMF thermodynamics. Options: 'diagnostic' (default), 'prognostic'.
diagnostic_covariance_coeff2.1floatPrefactor in the turbulent production term of the EDMF covariance equation (unitless).
EDMF_thermodynamics_diagnostic_covar_limiter0.001floatRegularization epsilon for the denominator in diagnostic covariance calculations (unitless).
Tq_correlation_coefficient0.6floatDefault correlation coefficient between T' and q_tot' perturbations, used in SGS quadratures (unitless). Valid range: [-1, 1].
EDMF_thermodynamics_sgsmeanstringEnvironmental sub-grid scale model for EDMF. Options: 'mean' (default), 'quadrature'.
EDMF_thermodynamics_quadrature_order3integerNumber of 1D quadrature points for SGS sampling in EDMF (unitless).
EDMF_thermodynamics_quadrature_typelog-normalstringAssumed PDF shape for environmental variables ($q_{tot}, \theta_{liq_ice}$) with SGS quadrature. Options: 'log-normal' (default), 'gaussian'.

GCM-Driven Single-Column Forcing

NameValueTypeDescription
gcmdriven_momentum_relaxation_timescale21600.0floatRelaxation timescale for horizontal winds toward the forcing profile in Single Column Model (SCM) cases (s). Source: Shen et al. (2022).
gcmdriven_scalar_relaxation_timescale86400.0floatRelaxation timescale for scalars (temperature, humidity) toward the forcing profile in SCM cases (s). Source: Shen et al. (2022).
gcmdriven_relaxation_minimum_height3000.0floatStart height for relaxation toward the forcing profile in SCM cases (m). Source: Shen et al. (2022).
gcmdriven_relaxation_maximum_height3500.0floatHeight at which the relaxation coefficient becomes 1 in SCM cases (m). Source: Shen et al. (2022).

Precipitation Fraction

NameValueTypeDescription
microphysics_model_precipitation_fractionprescribedstringPrecipitation fraction model choice for 1-moment microphysics with EDMF. Options: 'prescribed' (default), 'cloud_cover'.
microphysics_prescribed_precipitation_fraction1.0floatPrescribed value of the precipitation fraction (unitless).
microphysics_precipitation_fraction_limiter0.3floatMinimum allowed precipitation fraction when using the 'cloud_cover' model (unitless).

Microphysics

0-Moment Scheme

NameValueTypeDescription
precipitation_timescale1000floatPrecipitation formation timescale for the 0-moment microphysics scheme (s).
specific_humidity_precipitation_threshold5.0e-6floatPrecipitation formation threshold in terms of specific humidity for the 0-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
supersaturation_precipitation_threshold0.02floatPrecipitation formation threshold in terms of supersaturation for the 0-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).

Air and Cloud Properties

NameValueTypeDescription
thermal_conductivity_of_air0.024floatThermal conductivity of air (J m⁻¹ s⁻¹ K⁻¹).
diffusivity_of_water_vapor2.26e-5floatDiffusivity of water vapor in air (m² s⁻¹).
kinematic_viscosity_of_air1.6e-5floatKinematic viscosity of air (m² s⁻¹).
condensation_evaporation_timescale10.0floatCondensation/evaporation timescale for non-equilibrium microphysics (s).
liquid_cloud_effective_radius1.4e-5floatAssumed constant effective radius for liquid cloud droplets (m).
ice_cloud_effective_radius2.5e-5floatAssumed constant effective radius for ice cloud particles (m).
sublimation_deposition_timescale10.0floatDeposition/sublimation timescale for non-equilibrium microphysics (s).
prescribed_cloud_droplet_number_concentration1.0e8floatPrescribed number concentration of cloud droplets (m⁻³).

1-Moment Scheme

NameValueTypeDescription
microph_scaling_acnv1.0floatScaling factor for the 1-moment autoconversion rate (unitless).
microph_scaling_accr1.0floatScaling factor for the 1-moment accretion rate (unitless).
microph_scaling_evap1.0floatScaling factor for the 1-moment rain evaporation rate (unitless).
microph_scaling_dep_sub1.0floatScaling factor for the 1-moment snow deposition/sublimation rate (unitless).
microph_scaling_melt1.0floatScaling factor for the 1-moment snow melting rate (unitless).
rain_drop_drag_coefficient0.55floatRain drop drag coefficient for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
ice_snow_threshold_radius6.25e-5floatThreshold particle radius separating ice and snow for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (m).
cloud_ice_size_distribution_coefficient_n02.0e7floatCloud ice size distribution parameter $n_0$ for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (m⁻⁴).
cloud_ice_crystals_length_scale1.0e-5floatCloud ice particle length scale for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (m).
cloud_ice_mass_size_relation_coefficient_me3floatExponent $m_e$ in the mass-size relation for cloud ice in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
cloud_ice_mass_size_relation_coefficient_chim1floatCoefficient $\chi_m$ in the mass-size relation for cloud ice in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
cloud_ice_mass_size_relation_coefficient_delm0floatCoefficient $\delta_m$ in the mass-size relation for cloud ice in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
cloud_liquid_water_specific_humidity_autoconversion_threshold0.0005floatRain formation threshold in terms of specific humidity for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_autoconversion_timescale1000.0floatRain formation timescale for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (s). Also used as the timescale for strong vertical velocities, when using vertical velocity dependent rain formation.
rain_autoconversion_timescale_stratiform14400floatRain formation timescale for weak vertical velocities when using vertical velocity dependent rain formation (s).
rain_autoconversion_velocity_scale1.5floatBlending velocity scale when using vertical velocity dependent rain formation (m s⁻¹).
rain_ventilation_coefficient_a1.5floatRain ventilation coefficient $a$ for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_ventilation_coefficient_b0.53floatRain ventilation coefficient $b$ for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_drop_size_distribution_coefficient_n01.6e7floatRain drop size distribution coefficient $n_0$ for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (m⁻⁴).
rain_drop_length_scale0.001floatRain drop length scale for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (m).
rain_minimum_inverse_lambda1.0e-8floatMinimum value for the inverse of the shape parameter $\lambda$ of the rain drop size distribution (m).
rain_mass_size_relation_coefficient_me3floatExponent $m_e$ in the mass-size relation for rain in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_cross_section_size_relation_coefficient_ae2floatExponent $a_e$ in the cross section-size relation for rain in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_terminal_velocity_size_relation_coefficient_ve0.5floatExponent $v_e$ in the terminal velocity-size relation for rain in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_mass_size_relation_coefficient_chim1floatCoefficient $\chi_m$ in the mass-size relation for rain in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_mass_size_relation_coefficient_delm0floatCoefficient $\delta_m$ in the mass-size relation for rain in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_cross_section_size_relation_coefficient_chia1floatCoefficient $\chi_a$ in the cross section-size relation for rain in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_cross_section_size_relation_coefficient_dela0floatCoefficient $\delta_a$ in the cross section-size relation for rain in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_terminal_velocity_size_relation_coefficient_chiv1floatCoefficient $\chi_v$ in the terminal velocity-size relation for rain in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_terminal_velocity_size_relation_coefficient_delv0floatCoefficient $\delta_v$ in the terminal velocity-size relation for rain in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_snow_velocity_dispersion_coefficient0.2floatVelocity dispersion coefficient for rain and snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
cloud_liquid_sedimentation_number_concentration5.0e8floatNumber concentration of cloud liquid particles for sedimentation (m⁻³).
cloud_ice_sedimentation_number_concentration5.0e8floatNumber concentration of cloud ice particles for sedimentation (m⁻³).
homogeneous_freezing_timescale1floatTimescale of the homogeneous freezing of cloud liquid droplets into ice (s).
Reisner_et_al_A_parameter0.66floatParameter $A$ for Bigg heterogeneous freezing of cloud droplets (K⁻¹). Source: Reisner et al. (1998), Eq. (A22), DOI: 10.1002/qj.49712454804.
Reisner_et_al_B_parameter100floatParameter $B$ for Bigg heterogeneous freezing of cloud droplets (m⁻³ s⁻¹). Source: Reisner et al. (1998), Eq. (A22), DOI: 10.1002/qj.49712454804.
cloud_ice_apparent_density500floatThe apparent density of cloud ice particles (kg m⁻³). Source: Lin et al. (2021), DOI: 10.1029/2020JD034157.
snow_apparent_density100floatThe apparent density of snow particles (kg m⁻³). Source: Lin et al. (2021), DOI: 10.1029/2020JD034157.
cloud_ice_specific_humidity_autoconversion_threshold1.0e-6floatSnow autoconversion threshold in terms of specific humidity for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_autoconversion_timescale100floatSnow autoconversion timescale for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (s).
snow_ventilation_coefficient_a0.65floatSnow ventilation coefficient $a$ for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_ventilation_coefficient_b0.44floatSnow ventilation coefficient $b$ for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_flake_size_distribution_coefficient_mu4.36e9floatSnow size distribution coefficient $\mu$ for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (m⁻⁴).
snow_flake_size_distribution_coefficient_nu0.63floatSnow size distribution coefficient $\nu$ for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_flake_length_scale0.001floatSnow particle length scale for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (m).
snow_mass_size_relation_coefficient_me2floatExponent $m_e$ in the mass-size relation for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_cross_section_size_relation_coefficient2floatExponent in the cross section-size relation for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_terminal_velocity_size_relation_coefficient0.25floatExponent in the terminal velocity-size relation for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_mass_size_relation_coefficient_chim1floatCoefficient $\chi_m$ in the mass-size relation for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_mass_size_relation_coefficient_delm0floatCoefficient $\delta_m$ in the mass-size relation for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_cross_section_size_relation_coefficient_chia1floatCoefficient $\chi_a$ in the cross section-size relation for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_cross_section_size_relation_coefficient_dela0floatCoefficient $\delta_a$ in the cross section-size relation for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_terminal_velocity_size_relation_coefficient_chiv1floatCoefficient $\chi_v$ in the terminal velocity-size relation for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_terminal_velocity_size_relation_coefficient_delv0floatCoefficient $\delta_v$ in the terminal velocity-size relation for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_aspect_ratio0.15floatAssumed aspect ratio for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_aspect_ratio_coefficient0.3333333333333333floatPower law coefficient for terminal velocity dependence on snow aspect ratio (unitless). Source: Chen et al. (2022), DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
cloud_liquid_rain_collision_efficiency0.8floatCollision efficiency between cloud liquid water and rain for the 1-moment scheme (unitless).
cloud_liquid_snow_collision_efficiency0.1floatCollision efficiency between cloud liquid water and snow for the 1-moment scheme (unitless).
cloud_ice_rain_collision_efficiency1floatCollision efficiency between cloud ice and rain for the 1-moment scheme (unitless).
cloud_ice_snow_collision_efficiency0.1floatCollision efficiency between cloud ice and snow for the 1-moment scheme (unitless).
rain_snow_collision_efficiency1floatCollision efficiency between rain and snow for the 1-moment scheme (unitless).

Autoconversion and Accretion Schemes

NameValueTypeDescription
TC1980_autoconversion_coeff_D3268.0floatCoefficient $D$ in the Tripoli and Cotton (1980) rain autoconversion parameterization ($m^{3b} s^{-1}$). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
TC1980_autoconversion_coeff_a2.3333333333333335floatCoefficient $a$ (default 7/3) in the Tripoli and Cotton (1980) rain autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
TC1980_autoconversion_coeff_b-0.3333333333333333floatCoefficient $b$ (default -1/3) in the Tripoli and Cotton (1980) rain autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
TC1980_autoconversion_coeff_r_07.0e-6floatThreshold size $r_0$ in the Tripoli and Cotton (1980) rain autoconversion parameterization (m). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
TC1980_autoconversion_coeff_me_liq3.0floatMass-size relation exponent $m_e$ in the Tripoli and Cotton (1980) scheme (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
TC1980_accretion_coeff_A4.7floatCoefficient $A$ in the Tripoli and Cotton (1980) accretion parameterization (s⁻¹). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
B1994_autoconversion_coeff_C3.0e34floatCoefficient $C$ in the Beheng (1994) autoconversion parameterization ($m^{3(c+b-1)} s^{-1} kg^{-(b-1)}$). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
B1994_autoconversion_coeff_a-1.7floatCoefficient $a$ in the Beheng (1994) autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
B1994_autoconversion_coeff_b4.7floatCoefficient $b$ in the Beheng (1994) autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
B1994_autoconversion_coeff_c-3.3floatCoefficient $c$ in the Beheng (1994) autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
B1994_autoconversion_coeff_d_low3.9floatCoefficient $d_{low}$ in the Beheng (1994) autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
B1994_autoconversion_coeff_d_high9.9floatCoefficient $d_{high}$ in the Beheng (1994) autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
B1994_autoconversion_coeff_N_02.0e8floatCoefficient $N_0$ in the Beheng (1994) autoconversion parameterization (m⁻³). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
B1994_accretion_coeff_A6.0floatCoefficient $A$ in the Beheng (1994) accretion parameterization (s⁻¹). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
KK2000_autoconversion_coeff_A7.42e13floatCoefficient $A$ in the Khairoutdinov and Kogan (2000) autoconversion parameterization ($m^{3(b+c)} s^{-1} kg^{-c}$). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
KK2000_autoconversion_coeff_a2.47floatCoefficient $a$ in the Khairoutdinov and Kogan (2000) autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
KK2000_autoconversion_coeff_b-1.79floatCoefficient $b$ in the Khairoutdinov and Kogan (2000) autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
KK2000_autoconversion_coeff_c-1.47floatCoefficient $c$ in the Khairoutdinov and Kogan (2000) autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
KK2000_accretion_coeff_A67.0floatCoefficient $A$ in the Khairoutdinov and Kogan (2000) accretion parameterization ($m^{3b} kg^{-b} s^{-1}$). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
KK2000_accretion_coeff_a1.15floatCoefficient $a$ in the Khairoutdinov and Kogan (2000) accretion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
KK2000_accretion_coeff_b-1.3floatCoefficient $b$ in the Khairoutdinov and Kogan (2000) accretion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
LD2004_R_6C_coeff7.5floatCoefficient in the Liu and Daum (2004) autoconversion parameterization ($\mu m^{3/2} kg^{1/6} m^{-1/2}$). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
LD2004_E_0_coeff1.08e10floatCoefficient $E_0$ in the Liu and Daum (2004) autoconversion parameterization ($m^3 kg^{-2} s^{-1}$). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
Variable_time_scale_autoconversion_coeff_alpha1.0floatExponent of number density in the function describing the autoconversion timescale (unitless).
threshold_smooth_transition_steepness10.0floatSteepness parameter for the smooth transition function used in threshold-based processes (unitless).

2-Moment Scheme (Seifert and Beheng, 2006)

NameValueTypeDescription
SB2006_collection_kernel_coeff_kcc4.44e9floatCloud-cloud collection kernel constant $k_{cc}$ in the Seifert and Beheng (2006) scheme ($m^3 kg^{-2} s^{-1}$). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_collection_kernel_coeff_kcr5.25floatCloud-rain collection kernel constant $k_{cr}$ in the Seifert and Beheng (2006) scheme ($m^3 kg^{-1} s^{-1}$). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_collection_kernel_coeff_krr7.12floatRain-rain collection kernel constant $k_{rr}$ in the Seifert and Beheng (2006) scheme ($m^3 kg^{-1} s^{-1}$). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_collection_kernel_coeff_kapparr60.7floatCollection kernel constant $\kappa_{rr}$ in the Seifert and Beheng (2006) scheme ($kg^{-1/3}$). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_cloud_droplets_min_mass4.2e-15floatMinimum mass of cloud droplets in the Seifert and Beheng (2006) scheme (kg). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_min_mass2.6e-10floatMinimum mass of raindrops in the Seifert and Beheng (2006) scheme (kg). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_max_mass5.0e-6floatMaximum mass of raindrops in the Seifert and Beheng (2006) scheme (kg). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_cloud_gamma_distribution_coeff_nu1.0floatGamma distribution coefficient $\nu$ for clouds (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_cloud_gamma_distribution_coeff_mu1floatGamma distribution coefficient $\mu$ for clouds (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_rain_distribution_coeff_nu-0.66666666666667floatGamma distribution coefficient $\nu$ for rain (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_rain_distribution_coeff_mu0.33333333333333floatGamma distribution coefficient $\mu$ for rain (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_reference_air_density1.225floatReference air density at surface conditions (kg m⁻³). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_autoconversion_correcting_function_coeff_A400.0floatCoefficient $A$ in the universal function correcting the autoconversion rate (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_autoconversion_correcting_function_coeff_a0.7floatCoefficient $a$ in the universal function correcting the autoconversion rate (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_autoconversion_correcting_function_coeff_b3floatCoefficient $b$ in the universal function correcting the autoconversion rate (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_accretion_correcting_function_coeff_tau05.0e-5floatCoefficient $\tau_0$ in the universal function correcting the accretion rate (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_accretion_correcting_function_coeff_c4floatCoefficient $c$ in the universal function correcting the accretion rate (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_self-collection_coeff_d-5floatCoefficient $d$ in the raindrops self-collection rate equation (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_equilibrium_mean_diameter0.0009floatEquilibrium mean diameter of raindrops for computing the breakup rate (m). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_breakup_mean_diameter_threshold0.00035floatThreshold of raindrops mean diameter for breakup (m). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_breakup_coeff_kbr1000floatCoefficient $k_{br}$ in the raindrops breakup rate equation (m⁻¹). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_breakup_coeff_kappabr2300floatCoefficient $\kappa_{br}$ in the raindrops breakup rate equation (m⁻¹). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_terminal_velocity_coeff_aR9.65floatCoefficient $a_R$ in the raindrops terminal velocity equation (m s⁻¹). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_terminal_velocity_coeff_bR10.3floatCoefficient $b_R$ in the raindrops terminal velocity equation (m s⁻¹). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_terminal_velocity_coeff_cR600floatCoefficient $c_R$ in the raindrops terminal velocity equation (m⁻¹). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_ventilation_factor_coeff_av0.78floatCoefficient $a_v$ in the ventilation factor equation for rain evaporation (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_ventilation_factor_coeff_bv0.308floatCoefficient $b_v$ in the ventilation factor equation for rain evaporation (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_rain_evaporation_coeff_alpha159floatCoefficient $\alpha$ in the fallspeed relation for rain evaporation (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_rain_evaporation_coeff_beta0.266floatCoefficient $\beta$ in the fallspeed relation for rain evaporation (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_size_distribution_coeff_N0_min250000.0floatMinimum value of the raindrops size distribution parameter $N_0$ (m⁻⁴). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_size_distribution_coeff_N0_max2.0e7floatMaximum value of the raindrops size distribution parameter $N_0$ (m⁻⁴). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_size_distribution_coeff_lambda_min1000.0floatMinimum value of the raindrops size distribution parameter $\lambda$ (m⁻¹). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_size_distribution_coeff_lambda_max10000.0floatMaximum value of the raindrops size distribution parameter $\lambda$ (m⁻¹). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
Horn2012_number_concentration_adjustment_timescale100floatTimescale for 2-moment number concentration adjustment (s). Source: Horn (2012), DOI: 10.5194/gmd-5-345-2012.

Terminal Velocities (Chen et al., 2022)

NameValueTypeDescription
Chen2022_table_B1_q_coeff0.115231floatCoefficient $q$ for raindrop terminal velocity parameterization (unitless). Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B1, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B1_ai[0.044612, -0.263166, 4.7178]floatCoefficients $a_i$ for raindrop terminal velocity parameterization ($mm^{-b_i}$). Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B1, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B1_a3_pow_coeff-0.47335floatPower coefficient for $a_3$ in raindrop terminal velocity parameterization (unitless). Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B1, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B1_bi[2.2955, 2.2955, 1.1451]floatCoefficients $b_i$ for raindrop terminal velocity parameterization (unitless). Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B1, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B1_b_rho_coeff0.038465floatDensity coefficient $b_{\rho}$ for raindrop terminal velocity parameterization (m³ kg⁻¹). Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B1, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B1_ci[0.0, 0.184325, 0.184325]floatCoefficients $c_i$ for raindrop terminal velocity parameterization (mm⁻¹). Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B1, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B3_As[-0.263503, 0.00174079, 0.0378769]floatCoefficients $A_s$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B3, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B3_Bs[0.575231, 0.0909307, 0.515579]floatCoefficients $B_s$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B3, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B3_Cs[-0.345387, 0.177362, -0.000427794, 0.00419647]floatCoefficients $C_s$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B3, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B3_Es[-0.156593, 0.0189334, 0.1377817]floatCoefficients $E_s$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B3, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B3_Fs[-3.35641, 0.0156199, 0.765337]floatCoefficients $F_s$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B3, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B3_Gs[-0.0309715, 1.55054, 0.518349]floatCoefficients $G_s$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B3, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B5_Al[-0.475897, -0.0023127, 1.12293]floatCoefficients $A_l$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B5, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B5_Bl[-2.56289, -0.00513504, 0.608459]floatCoefficients $B_l$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B5, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B5_Cl[-0.756064, 0.935922, -1.70952]floatCoefficients $C_l$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B5, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B5_El[0.00639847, 0.00906454, -0.108232]floatCoefficients $E_l$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B5, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B5_Fl[0.515453, -0.0725042, -1.8681e19]floatCoefficients $F_l$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B5, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B5_Gl[2.65236, 0.00158269, 259.935]floatCoefficients $G_l$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B5, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B5_Hl[-0.346044, -7.17829e-11, -1.24394e20]floatCoefficients $H_l$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B5, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_ice_cutoff0.000625floatCutoff diameter between small and large ice particles in the Chen et al. (2022) parameterization (m). Source: Chen et al. (2022), DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.

Ice Deposition on Dust (Möhler et al., 2006)

NameValueTypeDescription
Mohler2006_maximum_allowed_Si1.35floatMaximum allowed supersaturation over ice, $S_{i,max}$ (unitless). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.
Mohler2006_threshold_T220floatThreshold temperature, $T_{thr}$, separating two deposition regimes (K). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.
Mohler2006_S0_warm_ArizonaTestDust1.03floatOnset saturation ratio $S_0$ for temperatures > $T_{thr}$ for Arizona Test Dust (unitless). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.
Mohler2006_S0_cold_ArizonaTestDust1.07floatOnset saturation ratio $S_0$ for temperatures < $T_{thr}$ for Arizona Test Dust (unitless). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.
Mohler2006_a_warm_ArizonaTestDust4.7floatCoefficient $a$ for temperatures > $T_{thr}$ for Arizona Test Dust (unitless). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.
Mohler2006_a_cold_ArizonaTestDust9.2floatCoefficient $a$ for temperatures < $T_{thr}$ for Arizona Test Dust (unitless). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.
Mohler2006_S0_warm_DesertDust1.17floatOnset saturation ratio $S_0$ for temperatures > $T_{thr}$ for Desert Dust (unitless). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.
Mohler2006_S0_cold_DesertDust1.03floatOnset saturation ratio $S_0$ for temperatures < $T_{thr}$ for Desert Dust (unitless). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.
Mohler2006_a_warm_DesertDust0.43floatCoefficient $a$ for temperatures > $T_{thr}$ for Desert Dust (unitless). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.
Mohler2006_a_cold_DesertDust2.35floatCoefficient $a$ for temperatures < $T_{thr}$ for Desert Dust (unitless). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.

Water-Activity-Based Deposition Nucleation (ABDINM)

NameValueTypeDescription
J_ABDINM_m_Dust13.2251floatDefault empirical coefficient $m$ for the water-activity-based deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) parameterization for dust (unitless).
J_ABDINM_c_Dust0.7716floatDefault empirical coefficient $c$ for the water-activity-based deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) parameterization for dust (unitless).
J_ABDINM_m_Illite13.2251floatEmpirical coefficient $m$ for the deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) of Illite (unitless).
J_ABDINM_c_Illite0.7716floatEmpirical coefficient $c$ for the deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) of Illite (unitless).
J_ABDINM_m_SaharanDust13.2251floatEmpirical coefficient $m$ for the deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) of Saharan Dust (unitless).
J_ABDINM_c_SaharanDust0.7716floatEmpirical coefficient $c$ for the deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) of Saharan Dust (unitless).
J_ABDINM_m_AsianDust13.2251floatEmpirical coefficient $m$ for the deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) of Asian Dust (unitless).
J_ABDINM_c_AsianDust0.7716floatEmpirical coefficient $c$ for the deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) of Asian Dust (unitless).
J_ABDINM_m_ArizonaTestDust13.2251floatEmpirical coefficient $m$ for the deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) of Arizona Test Dust (unitless).
J_ABDINM_c_ArizonaTestDust0.7716floatEmpirical coefficient $c$ for the deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) of Arizona Test Dust (unitless).
Alpert2022_J_deposition_m_Feldspar13.2251floatCoefficient $m$ for deposition nucleation rate $J_{het}$ of Feldspar (unitless). Source: Alpert et al. (2022), DOI: 10.1039/D1EA00077B.
Alpert2022_J_deposition_c_Feldspar0.7716floatCoefficient $c$ for deposition nucleation rate $J_{het}$ of Feldspar (unitless). Source: Alpert et al. (2022), DOI: 10.1039/D1EA00077B.
Alpert2022_J_deposition_m_Ferrihydrite12.3525floatCoefficient $m$ for deposition nucleation rate $J_{het}$ of Ferrihydrite (unitless). Source: Alpert et al. (2022), DOI: 10.1039/D1EA00077B.
Alpert2022_J_deposition_c_Ferrihydrite0.0516floatCoefficient $c$ for deposition nucleation rate $J_{het}$ of Ferrihydrite (unitless). Source: Alpert et al. (2022), DOI: 10.1039/D1EA00077B.
China2017_J_deposition_m_Kaolinite27.551floatCoefficient $m$ for deposition nucleation rate $J_{het}$ of Kaolinite (unitless). Source: China et al. (2017), DOI: 10.1002/2016JD025817.
China2017_J_deposition_c_Kaolinite-2.2209floatCoefficient $c$ for deposition nucleation rate $J_{het}$ of Kaolinite (unitless). Source: China et al. (2017), DOI: 10.1002/2016JD025817.

Water-Activity-Based Immersion Freezing (ABIFM)

NameValueTypeDescription
J_ABIFM_m_Dust22.62floatDefault empirical coefficient $m$ for the water-activity-based immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) parameterization for dust (unitless).
J_ABIFM_c_Dust-1.35floatDefault empirical coefficient $c$ for the water-activity-based immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) parameterization for dust (unitless).
J_ABIFM_m_ArizonaTestDust22.62floatEmpirical coefficient $m$ for the immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) of Arizona Test Dust (unitless).
J_ABIFM_c_ArizonaTestDust-1.35floatEmpirical coefficient $c$ for the immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) of Arizona Test Dust (unitless).
J_ABIFM_m_SaharanDust22.62floatEmpirical coefficient $m$ for the immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) of Saharan Dust (unitless).
J_ABIFM_c_SaharanDust-1.35floatEmpirical coefficient $c$ for the immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) of Saharan Dust (unitless).
J_ABIFM_m_AsianDust22.62floatEmpirical coefficient $m$ for the immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) of Asian Dust (unitless).
J_ABIFM_c_AsianDust-1.35floatEmpirical coefficient $c$ for the immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) of Asian Dust (unitless).
J_ABIFM_m_MiddleEasternDust22.62floatEmpirical coefficient $m$ for the immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) of Middle Eastern Dust (unitless).
J_ABIFM_c_MiddleEasternDust-1.35floatEmpirical coefficient $c$ for the immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) of Middle Eastern Dust (unitless).
AlpertKnopf2016_J_ABIFM_m_DesertDust22.62floatCoefficient $m$ for immersion freezing rate $J_{het}$ of Desert Dust (unitless). Source: Alpert and Knopf (2016), DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-2083-2016.
AlpertKnopf2016_J_ABIFM_c_DesertDust-1.35floatCoefficient $c$ for immersion freezing rate $J_{het}$ of Desert Dust (unitless). Source: Alpert and Knopf (2016), DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-2083-2016.
KnopfAlpert2013_J_ABIFM_m_Kaolinite54.58834floatCoefficient $m$ for immersion freezing rate $J_{het}$ of Kaolinite (unitless). Source: Knopf and Alpert (2013), DOI: 10.1039/C3FD00035D.
KnopfAlpert2013_J_ABIFM_c_Kaolinite-10.54758floatCoefficient $c$ for immersion freezing rate $J_{het}$ of Kaolinite (unitless). Source: Knopf and Alpert (2013), DOI: 10.1039/C3FD00035D.
KnopfAlpert2013_J_ABIFM_m_Illite54.48075floatCoefficient $m$ for immersion freezing rate $J_{het}$ of Illite (unitless). Source: Knopf and Alpert (2013), DOI: 10.1039/C3FD00035D.
KnopfAlpert2013_J_ABIFM_c_Illite-10.66873floatCoefficient $c$ for immersion freezing rate $J_{het}$ of Illite (unitless). Source: Knopf and Alpert (2013), DOI: 10.1039/C3FD00035D.

Temperature-Dependent Immersion Freezing

NameValueTypeDescription
Frostenberg2023_standard_deviation1.37floatStandard deviation of the log of the ice-nucleating particle concentration (unitless). Source: Frostenberg et al. (2023), Eq. (1), DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-10883-2023.
Frostenberg2023_a_coefficient1floatCoefficient $a$ for the ice-nucleating particle concentration (m³). Source: Frostenberg et al. (2023), Eq. (1), DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-10883-2023.
Frostenberg2023_b_coefficient1floatCoefficient $b$ for the ice-nucleating particle concentration (°C⁻¹). Source: Frostenberg et al. (2023), Eq. (1), DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-10883-2023.

Water-Activity-Based Homogeneous Freezing

NameValueTypeDescription
Koop2000_min_delta_aw0.26floatMinimum valid water activity difference $\Delta a_w$ for the Koop et al. (2000) homogeneous nucleation parameterization (unitless). Source: Koop et al. (2000), DOI: 10.1038/35020537.
Koop2000_max_delta_aw0.34floatMaximum valid water activity difference $\Delta a_w$ for the Koop et al. (2000) homogeneous nucleation parameterization (unitless). Source: Koop et al. (2000), DOI: 10.1038/35020537.
Koop2000_J_hom_coeff1-906.7floatCoefficient for calculating the homogeneous nucleation rate $J_{hom}$ (unitless). Source: Koop et al. (2000), DOI: 10.1038/35020537.
Koop2000_J_hom_coeff28502floatCoefficient for calculating the homogeneous nucleation rate $J_{hom}$ (unitless). Source: Koop et al. (2000), DOI: 10.1038/35020537.
Koop2000_J_hom_coeff326924floatCoefficient for calculating the homogeneous nucleation rate $J_{hom}$ (unitless). Source: Koop et al. (2000), DOI: 10.1038/35020537.
Koop2000_J_hom_coeff429180floatCoefficient for calculating the homogeneous nucleation rate $J_{hom}$ (unitless). Source: Koop et al. (2000), DOI: 10.1038/35020537.
Linear_J_hom_coeff1-68.5532830403637floatIntercept coefficient for a linear fit to the Koop et al. (2000) $J_{hom}$ parameterization (unitless). Source: Koop et al. (2000), DOI: 10.1038/35020537.
Linear_J_hom_coeff2255.9271249999972floatSlope coefficient for a linear fit to the Koop et al. (2000) $J_{hom}$ parameterization (unitless). Source: Koop et al. (2000), DOI: 10.1038/35020537.

H₂SO₄ Vapor Pressure (Luo et al., 1995)

NameValueTypeDescription
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_T_max235floatMaximum valid temperature for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (K). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_T_min185floatMinimum valid temperature for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (K). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_w_21.4408floatCoefficient for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (unitless). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_c123.306floatCoefficient $c_1$ for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (unitless). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_c25.3465floatCoefficient $c_2$ for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (unitless). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_c312floatCoefficient $c_3$ for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (unitless). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_c48.19floatCoefficient $c_4$ for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (unitless). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_c5-5814floatCoefficient $c_5$ for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (unitless). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_c6928.9floatCoefficient $c_6$ for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (unitless). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_c71876.7floatCoefficient $c_7$ for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (unitless). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.

P3 Scheme Ice Nucleation

NameValueTypeDescription
Thompson2004_c1_Cooper0.005floatCoefficient $c_1$ for calculating P3 deposition nucleation (unitless). Source: Thompson et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0519:EFOWPU>2.0.CO;2.
Thompson2004_c2_Cooper0.304floatCoefficient $c_2$ for calculating P3 deposition nucleation (unitless). Source: Thompson et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0519:EFOWPU>2.0.CO;2.
BarklieGokhale1959_a_parameter0.65floatMean of parameter $a$ for determining P3 heterogeneous freezing (K⁻¹). Source: Barklie and Gokhale (1959), see Pruppacher and Klett (1997), p. 350.
BarklieGokhale1959_B_parameter200floatParameter $B$ for rainwater, used to determine P3 heterogeneous freezing (m⁻³ s⁻¹). Source: Barklie and Gokhale (1959), see Pruppacher and Klett (1997), p. 350.

P3 Scheme Particle Properties

NameValueTypeDescription
BF1995_mass_exponent_beta1.9floatExponent $\beta_{va}$ in the power law for mass from vapor diffusion/aggregation in the P3 scheme (unitless). Source: Brown and Francis (1995); Morrison and Milbrandt (2015).
BF1995_mass_coeff_alpha7.38e-11floatCoefficient $\alpha_{va}$ in the power law for mass from vapor diffusion/aggregation in the P3 scheme ($g \mu m^{-\beta_{va}}$). See P3 scheme documentation to adjust units. Source: Brown and Francis (1995); Morrison and Milbrandt (2015).
M1996_area_exponent_sigma1.88floatExponent $\sigma$ in the power law for the projected area of various ice habits in the P3 scheme (unitless). Source: Mitchell (1996); Morrison and Milbrandt (2015).
M1996_area_coeff_gamma0.2285floatCoefficient $\gamma$ in the power law for the projected area of various ice habits in the P3 scheme ($m^{2-\sigma}$). Source: Mitchell (1996); Morrison and Milbrandt (2015).
Heymsfield_mu_coeff10.00191floatCoefficient for shape parameter $\mu$ for ice in the P3 scheme ($m^{0.8}$). Source: Morrison and Milbrandt (2015), Eq. (3).
Heymsfield_mu_coeff20.8floatCoefficient for shape parameter $\mu$ for ice in the P3 scheme (unitless). Source: Morrison and Milbrandt (2015), Eq. (3).
Heymsfield_mu_coeff32floatCoefficient for shape parameter $\mu$ for ice in the P3 scheme (unitless). Source: Morrison and Milbrandt (2015), Eq. (3).
Heymsfield_mu_cutoff6floatLimiter for shape parameter $\mu$ for ice in the P3 scheme (unitless). Source: Morrison and Milbrandt (2015), Eq. (3).
P3_constant_slope_parameterization_value3.0floatValue of $\mu$ for the constant slope parameterization in the P3 scheme (unitless).
CL1993_local_rime_density_constant_coeff51floatConstant coefficient for local rime density in the P3 scheme (kg m⁻³). Source: Cober and List (1993), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<1591:MOTHAM>2.0.CO;2.
CL1993_local_rime_density_linear_coeff114floatLinear coefficient for local rime density in the P3 scheme (kg m⁻³ (m² s⁻¹ °C⁻¹)⁻¹). Source: Cober and List (1993), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<1591:MOTHAM>2.0.CO;2.
CL1993_local_rime_density_quadratic_coeff-5.5floatQuadratic coefficient for local rime density in the P3 scheme (kg m⁻³ (m² s⁻¹ °C⁻¹)⁻²). Source: Cober and List (1993), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<1591:MOTHAM>2.0.CO;2.
P3_wet_growth_timescale100floatTimescale for densification due to wet growth in the P3 scheme (s).

Fixed Terminal Velocities

NameValueTypeDescription
fixed_cloud_liquid_terminal_velocity0.01floatFixed terminal velocity of cloud liquid (m s⁻¹).
fixed_cloud_ice_terminal_velocity0.01floatFixed terminal velocity of cloud ice (m s⁻¹).
fixed_rain_terminal_velocity5.0floatFixed terminal velocity of rain (m s⁻¹).
fixed_snow_terminal_velocity1.0floatFixed terminal velocity of snow (m s⁻¹).

Aerosols

Aerosol Activation

NameValueTypeDescription
seasalt_aerosol_molar_mass0.058443floatMolar mass of sea salt aerosol (kg mol⁻¹).
seasalt_aerosol_density2170floatDensity of sea salt aerosol (kg m⁻³).
seasalt_aerosol_osmotic_coefficient0.9floatOsmotic coefficient of sea salt aerosol (unitless).
seasalt_aerosol_ion_number2floatNumber of ions that sea salt dissociates into when dissolved in water (unitless).
seasalt_aerosol_water_soluble_mass_fraction1floatMass fraction of water-soluble material for sea salt aerosol (unitless).
seasalt_aerosol_kappa1.12floatHygroscopicity parameter $\kappa$ for sea salt aerosol (unitless). Source: Petters and Kreidenweis (2007), DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007.
MERRA2_seasalt_aerosol_bin01_radius7.9e-8floatDry particle radius for sea salt aerosol in bin 01 of the MERRA-2 dataset (m). Source: Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (2015), DOI: 10.5067/LTVB4GPCOTK2.
MERRA2_seasalt_aerosol_bin02_radius3.16e-7floatDry particle radius for sea salt aerosol in bin 02 of the MERRA-2 dataset (m). Source: Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (2015), DOI: 10.5067/LTVB4GPCOTK2.
MERRA2_seasalt_aerosol_bin03_radius1.119e-6floatDry particle radius for sea salt aerosol in bin 03 of the MERRA-2 dataset (m). Source: Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (2015), DOI: 10.5067/LTVB4GPCOTK2.
MERRA2_seasalt_aerosol_bin04_radius2.818e-6floatDry particle radius for sea salt aerosol in bin 04 of the MERRA-2 dataset (m). Source: Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (2015), DOI: 10.5067/LTVB4GPCOTK2.
MERRA2_seasalt_aerosol_bin05_radius7.772e-6floatDry particle radius for sea salt aerosol in bin 05 of the MERRA-2 dataset (m). Source: Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (2015), DOI: 10.5067/LTVB4GPCOTK2.
sulfate_aerosol_molar_mass0.132floatMolar mass of sulfate aerosol (kg mol⁻¹).
sulfate_aerosol_density1770floatDensity of sulfate aerosol (kg m⁻³).
sulfate_aerosol_osmotic_coefficient1floatOsmotic coefficient of sulfate aerosol (unitless).
sulfate_aerosol_ion_number3floatNumber of ions that sulfate dissociates into when dissolved in water (unitless).
sulfate_aerosol_water_soluble_mass_fraction1floatMass fraction of water-soluble material for sulfate aerosol (unitless).
sulfate_aerosol_kappa0.53floatHygroscopicity parameter $\kappa$ for sulfate aerosol (unitless). Source: Petters and Kreidenweis (2007), DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007.
MERRA2_sulfate_aerosol_radius3.5e-7floatDry particle radius for sulfate aerosol in the MERRA-2 dataset (m). Source: Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (2015), DOI: 10.5067/LTVB4GPCOTK2.
ARG2000_f_coeff_10.5floatScaling coefficient for an empirical function in the aerosol activation parameterization (unitless). Source: Abdul-Razzak and Ghan (2000), DOI: 10.1029/1999JD901161.
ARG2000_f_coeff_22.5floatScaling coefficient for an empirical function in the aerosol activation parameterization (unitless). Source: Abdul-Razzak and Ghan (2000), DOI: 10.1029/1999JD901161.
ARG2000_g_coeff_11.0floatScaling coefficient for an empirical function in the aerosol activation parameterization (unitless). Source: Abdul-Razzak and Ghan (2000), DOI: 10.1029/1999JD901161.
ARG2000_g_coeff_20.25floatScaling coefficient for an empirical function in the aerosol activation parameterization (unitless). Source: Abdul-Razzak and Ghan (2000), DOI: 10.1029/1999JD901161.
ARG2000_pow_11.5floatExponent for the term $\zeta / \eta$ in an empirical function in the aerosol activation parameterization (unitless). Source: Abdul-Razzak and Ghan (2000), DOI: 10.1029/1999JD901161.
ARG2000_pow_20.75floatExponent for the term $S_m^2 / (\zeta + 3 \eta)$ in an empirical function in the aerosol activation parameterization (unitless). Source: Abdul-Razzak and Ghan (2000), DOI: 10.1029/1999JD901161.

Sea Salt Aerosol Emission

NameValueTypeDescription
ssa_residence47520.0floatAverage residence time (s) of sea salt aerosol mass in the AeroCOM3 ensemble. Source: Gliss et al. (2021), DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-87-2021.
ssa_size_bin_divisions[3.0e-8, 1.0e-7, 5.0e-7, …] (6 entries)floatDouble-sided sea salt aerosol dry-radius bin edges (m) from the five-bin MERRA-2 scheme, ascending, i.e. bin1 (0.03e-6, 0.1e-6), bin2 (0.1e-6, 0.5e-6).
ssa_r_ref1.0e-6floatSea salt aerosol reference radius (m) used to non-dimensionalize the Gong parameterization.
ssa_u_ref1.0floatReference wind speed (m s⁻¹) used to non-dimensionalize the Gong parameterization.
ssa_r80_per_dry2.0floatRatio of the sea salt aerosol radius at 80% relative humidity to the dry radius (unitless). Source: Lewis and Schwartz (2004).
ssa_gong_wind_exponent3.41floatExponent on the 10 m wind speed in the Gong source function (unitless). Source: Gong (2003), DOI: 10.1029/2003GB002079.
ssa_gong_logfit_mode1[0.2157, 0.05545, 17.02]floatLognormal mode #1 parameters: flux scale ($F$) (m⁻² s⁻¹), dry mode radius ($r$) (μm), and lognormal standard deviation ($\sigma_g$) (unitless), fit to the Gong (2003) spectrum at $u_{10}$ = ssa_u_ref.
ssa_gong_logfit_mode2[60.93, 0.0914, 1.813]floatLognormal mode #2 parameters: flux scale ($F$) (m⁻² s⁻¹), dry mode radius ($r$) (μm), and lognormal standard deviation ($\sigma_g$) (unitless), fit to the Gong (2003) spectrum at $u_{10}$ = ssa_u_ref.
ssa_gong_logfit_mode3[5.949, 0.776, 1.759]floatLognormal mode #3 parameters: flux scale ($F$) (m⁻² s⁻¹), dry mode radius ($r$) (μm), and lognormal standard deviation ($\sigma_g$) (unitless), fit to the Gong (2003) spectrum at $u_{10}$ = ssa_u_ref.
ssa_gong_logfit_bin_0M_flux[48.37, 41.92, 5.903, …] (5 entries)floatPer-bin number flux scale (m⁻² s⁻¹) of the lognormal fit to the Gong (2003) spectrum at $u_{10}$ = ssa_u_ref. Precomputed offline in ClimaAtmos.jl/docs/sea_salt_emission_fit.jl.
ssa_gong_logfit_bin_3M_flux[1.589e-16, 3.575e-15, 4.557e-14, …] (5 entries)floatPer-bin dry-mass flux scale (kg m⁻² s⁻¹) of the lognormal fit to the Gong (2003) spectrum at $u_{10}$ = ssa_u_ref. Precomputed offline in ClimaAtmos.jl/docs/sea_salt_emission_fit.jl.
NameValueTypeDescription
mam3_stdev_coarse1.8floatGeometric standard deviation for the coarse mode in the MAM3 scheme (unitless). Source: Liu et al. (2012), DOI: 10.5194/gmd-5-709-2012.
mam3_stdev_accum1.8floatGeometric standard deviation for the accumulation mode in the MAM3 scheme (unitless). Source: Liu et al. (2012), DOI: 10.5194/gmd-5-709-2012.
mam3_stdev_ait1.6floatGeometric standard deviation for the Aitken mode in the MAM3 scheme (unitless). Source: Liu et al. (2012), DOI: 10.5194/gmd-5-709-2012.

Nucleation Constants (MAM3, Dunne et al., 2016)

NameValueTypeDescription
mam3_nucleation_p_b_n_neutral3.95451floatEmpirical coefficient $p_{b,n}$ for neutral pure binary (H₂SO₄-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] is in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_p_b_i_ion_induced3.373738floatEmpirical coefficient $p_{b,i}$ for ion-induced pure binary (H₂SO₄-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] is in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and negative ion concentration $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_u_b_n_neutral9.702973floatEmpirical coefficient $u_{b,n}$ for neutral pure binary (H₂SO₄-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] is in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_u_b_i_ion_induced-11.48166floatEmpirical coefficient $u_{b,i}$ for ion-induced pure binary (H₂SO₄-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] is in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and negative ion concentration $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_v_b_n_neutral12.62259floatEmpirical coefficient $v_{b,n}$ for neutral pure binary (H₂SO₄-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] is in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_v_b_i_ion_induced25.49469floatEmpirical coefficient $v_{b,i}$ for ion-induced pure binary (H₂SO₄-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] is in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and negative ion concentration $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_w_b_n_neutral-0.007066146floatEmpirical coefficient $w_{b,n}$ for neutral pure binary (H₂SO₄-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] is in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_w_b_i_ion_induced0.1810722floatEmpirical coefficient $w_{b,i}$ for ion-induced pure binary (H₂SO₄-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] is in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and negative ion concentration $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_p_t_n_neutral2.891024floatEmpirical coefficient $p_{t,n}$ for neutral pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] and [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_p_t_i_ion_induced3.138719floatEmpirical coefficient $p_{t,i}$ for ion-induced pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄], [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_u_t_n_neutral182.4495floatEmpirical coefficient $u_{t,n}$ for neutral pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] and [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_u_t_i_ion_induced-23.8002floatEmpirical coefficient $u_{t,i}$ for ion-induced pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄], [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_v_t_n_neutral1.203451floatEmpirical coefficient $v_{t,n}$ for neutral pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] and [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_v_t_i_ion_induced37.03029floatEmpirical coefficient $v_{t,i}$ for ion-induced pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄], [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_w_t_n_neutral-4.188065floatEmpirical coefficient $w_{t,n}$ for neutral pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] and [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_w_t_i_ion_induced0.227413floatEmpirical coefficient $w_{t,i}$ for ion-induced pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄], [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_p_A_n_neutral8.003471floatEmpirical coefficient $p_{A,n}$ for neutral pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] and [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_p_A_i_ion_induced3.071246floatEmpirical coefficient $p_{A,i}$ for ion-induced pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄], [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_a_n_neutral1.5703478e-6floatEmpirical coefficient $a_n$ for neutral pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] and [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_a_i_ion_induced0.0048314floatEmpirical coefficient $a_i$ for ion-induced pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄], [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_a_1_neutral0.0400097floatEmpirical coefficient $a_{1,n}$ for neutral pure organic nucleation (unitless). Assumes [HOM] is in 10⁷ cm⁻³ and other concentrations have units (TODO). Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_a_2_neutral1.84826floatEmpirical coefficient $a_{2,n}$ for neutral pure organic nucleation (unitless). Assumes [HOM] is in 10⁷ cm⁻³ and other concentrations have units (TODO). Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_a_3_ion_induced0.00136641floatEmpirical coefficient $a_{3,i}$ for ion-induced pure organic nucleation (unitless). Assumes [HOM] is in 10⁷ cm⁻³, $[n^-]$ in cm⁻³, and other concentrations have units (TODO). Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_a_4_ion_induced1.56588floatEmpirical coefficient $a_{4,i}$ for ion-induced pure organic nucleation (unitless). Assumes [HOM] is in 10⁷ cm⁻³, $[n^-]$ in cm⁻³, and other concentrations have units (TODO). Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_a_50.186303floatEmpirical coefficient $a_5$ for pure organic nucleation (unitless). Assumes [HOM] is in 10⁷ cm⁻³ and other concentrations have units (TODO). Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_Y_MTO3_percent0.029floatMolar yield of highly oxygenated molecules (HOM) from monoterpene (MT) oxidation by O₃ for pure organic nucleation (%). Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_Y_MTOH_percent0.012floatMolar yield of highly oxygenated molecules (HOM) from monoterpene (MT) oxidation by OH for pure organic nucleation (%). Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_k_MTO3_organic_factor8.05e-16floatFactor for temperature-dependent rate of MT oxidation by O₃ for pure organic nucleation. Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_k_MTOH_organic_factor1.2e-11floatFactor for temperature-dependent rate of MT oxidation by OH for pure organic nucleation. Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_exp_MTO3_organic_factor-640floatExponent for temperature-dependent rate of MT oxidation by O₃ for pure organic nucleation. Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_exp_MTOH_organic_factor440floatExponent for temperature-dependent rate of MT oxidation by OH for pure organic nucleation. Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_k_H2SO4_mixed_organic_sulfuric_acid_factor3.27e-21floatTemperature-dependent factor for mixed organic-sulfuric acid nucleation. Assumes [H₂SO₄] is in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and [BioOxOrg] is in cm⁻³. Source: Riccobono et al. (2014), DOI: 10.1126/science.1243527.

Machine-Learned Cloud Droplet Number Concentration

NameValueTypeDescription
dust_calibration_coefficient0floatCalibration coefficient for dust aerosol in the data-driven cloud droplet number concentration function (unitless).
seasalt_calibration_coefficient0floatCalibration coefficient for sea salt aerosol in the data-driven cloud droplet number concentration function (unitless).
ammonium_sulfate_calibration_coefficient0floatCalibration coefficient for ammonium sulfate aerosol in the data-driven cloud droplet number concentration function (unitless).
liquid_water_specific_humidity_calibration_coefficient0floatCalibration coefficient for liquid water specific humidity in the data-driven cloud droplet number concentration function (unitless).
reference_dust_aerosol_mass_concentration1.0e-8floatNormalization factor for dust aerosol mass concentration in the data-driven CDNC function (kg kg⁻¹).
reference_seasalt_aerosol_mass_concentration1.0e-8floatNormalization factor for sea salt aerosol mass concentration in the data-driven CDNC function (kg kg⁻¹).
reference_ammonium_sulfate_mass_concentration1.0e-8floatNormalization factor for ammonium sulfate mass concentration in the data-driven CDNC function (kg kg⁻¹).
reference_liquid_water_specific_humidity1.0e-6floatNormalization factor for cloud liquid water specific humidity in the data-driven CDNC function (kg kg⁻¹).

Radiation

NameValueTypeDescription
idealized_ocean_albedo0.38floatOcean surface albedo for idealized simulations (unitless). Source: O'Gorman and Schneider (2008).
water_refractive_index1.34floatRelative refractive index of water and air for broadband ocean surface albedo calculation (unitless). Source: Jin et al. (2011).
optics_lookup_temperature_min160floatMinimum temperature in the lookup table for optical properties in RRTMGP (K).
optics_lookup_temperature_max355floatMaximum temperature in the lookup table for optical properties in RRTMGP (K).
CO2_fixed_value0.000397547floatGlobal mean mole fraction to fix carbon dioxide (CO₂) when using a fixed CO₂ model. Taken from the first value of 'carbon_dioxide_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
N2O_fixed_value3.2699e-7floatGlobal mean mole fraction of nitrous oxide (N₂O). Taken from the first value of 'nitrous_oxide_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
CO_fixed_value1.2e-7floatGlobal mean mole fraction of carbon monoxide (CO). Taken from the first value of 'carbon_monoxide_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
CH4_fixed_value1.8315e-6floatGlobal mean mole fraction of methane (CH₄). Taken from the first value of 'methane_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
O2_fixed_value0.209floatGlobal mean mole fraction of oxygen (O₂). Taken from the first value of 'oxygen_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
N2_fixed_value0.781floatGlobal mean mole fraction of nitrogen (N₂). Taken from the first value of 'nitrogen_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
CCL4_fixed_value8.307e-11floatGlobal mean mole fraction of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). Taken from the first value of 'carbon_tetrachloride_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
CFC11_fixed_value2.3308e-10floatGlobal mean mole fraction of chlorofluorocarbon CFC11. Taken from the first value of 'cfc11_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
CFC12_fixed_value5.2058e-10floatGlobal mean mole fraction of chlorofluorocarbon CFC12. Taken from the first value of 'cfc12_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
CFC22_fixed_value2.2954e-10floatGlobal mean mole fraction of hydrochlorofluorocarbon CFC22. Taken from the first value of 'hcfc22_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
HFC143A_fixed_value1.5253e-11floatGlobal mean mole fraction of hydrofluorocarbon HFC143A. Taken from the first value of 'hfc143a_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
HFC125_fixed_value1.5355e-11floatGlobal mean mole fraction of hydrofluorocarbon HFC125. Taken from the first value of 'hfc125_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
HFC23_fixed_value2.689e-11floatGlobal mean mole fraction of hydrofluorocarbon HFC23. Taken from the first value of 'hfc23_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
HFC32_fixed_value8.337e-12floatGlobal mean mole fraction of hydrofluorocarbon HFC32. Taken from the first value of 'hfc32_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
HFC134A_fixed_value8.0516e-11floatGlobal mean mole fraction of hydrofluorocarbon HFC134A. Taken from the first value of 'hfc134a_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
CF4_fixed_value8.1092e-11floatGlobal mean mole fraction of carbon tetrafluoride (CF₄). Taken from the first value of 'cf4_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
NO2_fixed_value0floatGlobal mean mole fraction of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) (mol mol⁻¹).

Gravity Waves

Orographic (OGW)

NameValueTypeDescription
ogw_mountain_height_width_exponent0.4floatMountain height-width exponent $\gamma$ in $L \propto h^\gamma$ (unitless); the paper suggests $\gamma \approx 0.4$. Source: Garner (2005), Eq. (14), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3496.1.
ogw_number_density_exponent0.0floatNumber density exponent $\epsilon$, where the number density of orography in a grid cell is $n(h) \propto h^{-\epsilon}$ (unitless). Source: Garner (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3496.1.
ogw_mountain_shape_parameter0.5floatMountain shape parameter $\beta$ (unitless) in $L(z) = L_b (1 - z/h)^\beta$: $\beta = 1$ for triangular mountains, $\beta < 1$ for blunt mountains, and $\beta > 1$ for pointy mountains. Source: Garner (2005), Eq. (12), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3496.1.
ogw_critical_height_threshold0.1floatFractional height threshold $h_\text{frac}$ in $h_\text{crit} = h_\text{frac} (V / N)$, demarcating the split between propagating and non-propagating orographic gravity waves (unitless). Source: Garner (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3496.1.
ogw_density_scale_factor1.2floatDensity scale factor $\rho_\text{scale}$. Source: Garner (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3496.1.
ogw_reference_mountain_width80000.0floatReference mountain width $L_0$ (m). Source: Garner (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3496.1.
ogw_linear_drag_coefficient0.9floatLinear drag coefficient $a_0$ (unitless). Source: Garner (2005), Eq. (13), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3496.1.
ogw_nonlinear_drag_coefficient3.0floatNonlinear drag coefficient $a_1$ (unitless). Source: Garner (2005), Eq. (13), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3496.1.
ogw_critical_froude_number0.7floatCritical Froude number $Fr_\text{crit}$, computed from the critical height threshold (unitless). Source: Garner (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3496.1.
ogw_smoothing_scale_fraction0.15floatOrographic gravity wave (raw_topo) preprocessing smoothing scale as a fraction of grid spacing: L = α·Δx. Sets the neighborhood over which subgrid mountain statistics (hmax and velocity potential χ / orographic tensor) are computed from raw topography, following Garner (2005) / GFDL topo_drag. α≈1 places L near the grid scale.

Non-Orographic (NOGW)

NameValueTypeDescription
nogw_source_pressure31500.0floatSource level pressure (Pa). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_damp_pressure85.0floatDamping level pressure (Pa). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_source_height15000.0floatSource level height (m). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_Bw0.4floatWestward wave spectral amplitude (m² s⁻²). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_Bn0.0floatNorthward wave spectral amplitude (m² s⁻²). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_dc0.8floatPhase speed resolution (m s⁻¹). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_cmax100.0floatMaximum phase speed (m s⁻¹). The phase-speed grid is $c[n] = (n-1)\,\Delta c - c_\text{max}$, so an exact $c = 0$ bin exists only when nogw_cmax divided by nogw_dc is an integer; this is required for the Beres steady ($\nu = 0$) convective source, which deposits there and silently no-ops otherwise. The default, 100.0 / 0.8 = 125, gives a $c = 0$ bin. Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_c00.0floatReference phase speed (m s⁻¹). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_nk1.0floatNumber of wave bands (unitless). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_cw35.0floatWestward phase speed half-width (m s⁻¹). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_cw_tropics35.0floatTropical westward phase speed half-width (m s⁻¹). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_cn2.0floatNorthward phase speed half-width (m s⁻¹). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_Bt_00.0043floatBase total source momentum flux (Pa). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_Bt_n0.0floatNorthern hemisphere total momentum flux amplitude (Pa). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_Bt_s0.0floatSouthern hemisphere total momentum flux amplitude (Pa). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_Bt_eq0.0043floatEquatorial total momentum flux amplitude (Pa). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_phi0_n15.0floatNorthern hemisphere latitude center (degrees). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_phi0_s-15.0floatSouthern hemisphere latitude center (degrees). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_dphi_n10.0floatNorthern hemisphere latitude width (degrees). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_dphi_s-10.0floatSouthern hemisphere latitude width (degrees). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_Q0_threshold1.0e-5floatMinimum convective heating rate to activate the Beres et al. (2004) convective gravity-wave source (K s⁻¹, ~1 K day⁻¹ = 1e-5). Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOSTG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_scale_factor2.0e-6floatAmplitude scaling for the Beres convective momentum flux (unitless); folds the rho_0/(L*tau) prefactor, the |Q_t|^2 weight, and empirical tuning into one parameter. Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_sigma_x4000.0floatConvective cell horizontal half-width (m) in the Beres source spectrum (Eq. 7). Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_nu_min0.0008727floatMinimum angular frequency for the Beres frequency integration (rad s⁻¹, period ~120 min). Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_nu_max0.01047floatMaximum angular frequency for the Beres frequency integration (rad s⁻¹, period ~10 min). Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_n_nu9integerNumber of quadrature points for the Beres frequency integration (unitless; must be 4k+1: 5, 9, 13, ... for composite Boole's rule). Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_h_heat_min1000.0floatMinimum heating depth (m) to activate the Beres source; filters out shallow convection. Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_n_h_avg1integerNumber of heating depths h over which to average the Beres spectrum (unitless; 1 = no averaging, >=3 smooths the resonance peak, see Fig. 4 of the source). Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_delta_h_frac0.1floatFractional half-range for Beres $h$ averaging, $h \pm$ nogw_beres_delta_h_frac $\cdot h$ (unitless); only used when nogw_beres_n_h_avg > 1. Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_z_bot_Q_threshold1.157e-5floatMinimum Q_conv to count as the bottom of the Beres convective heating envelope (K s⁻¹, ~1 K day⁻¹ = 1.157e-5). Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_z_bot_floor2000.0floatMinimum allowed Beres convective envelope bottom (m); excludes the PBL-turbulence signal in Q_conv. Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_steady_dc_frac1.0floatSteady Beres DC heating weight (unitless) in $Q_t(0)^2 =$ nogw_beres_steady_dc_frac $\cdot \nu_\text{min}$; scales the steady-vs-transient amplitude. Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_L_system1.0e6floatLargest convective-system scale (m) setting k_min = 2*pi/L in the even-folded horizontal constant H of the steady Beres source (steady/transient ratio depends on it only logarithmically). Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.

Diffusion

NameValueTypeDescription
c_smag0.2floatSmagorinsky coefficient (unitless).
D_horizontal_diffusion500000.0floatConstant horizontal diffusion (m² s⁻¹).
tracer_hyperdiffusion_factor0floatScaling factor for hyperdiffusion of tracers with strong gradients, e.g., precipitation (unitless).
C_E0.0044floatCoefficient used in the simple vertical diffusion scheme ($C_E$) (unitless).
C_H0.0044floatBulk transfer coefficient for sensible heat ($C_H$) (unitless).
D_0_diffusion5floatCoefficient $D_0$ in the DecayWithHeightDiffusion vertical diffusion scheme (m² s⁻¹).
H_diffusion8000floatHeight scale $H$ in the DecayWithHeightDiffusion vertical diffusion scheme (m).
tracer_vertical_diffusion_factor1floatScaling factor for vertical diffusion of tracers with strong gradients, e.g., precipitation (unitless).

Rayleigh Damping

NameValueTypeDescription
alpha_rayleigh_w1.0floatCoefficient $\alpha_w$ for Rayleigh damping on vertical velocity (s⁻¹).
alpha_rayleigh_uh0.0floatCoefficient $\alpha_{uh}$ for Rayleigh damping on horizontal velocity (s⁻¹).
alpha_rayleigh_tracer0.0floatCoefficient $\alpha_{tracer}$ for Rayleigh damping on tracer fields (s⁻¹).
zd_rayleigh15000.0floatHeight at which Rayleigh damping begins in the sponge layer ($z_d$) (m).
zd_viscous15000.0floatHeight at which viscous damping begins in the sponge layer (m).
kappa_2_sponge1.0e6floatViscous sponge coefficient ($\kappa_2$) (m² s⁻¹).

Land

Autotrophic Respiration

NameValueTypeDescription
N_factor_Vcmax250.0008floatFactor converting Vcmax at 25°C to nitrogen content (mol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ kgC (kgC)⁻¹).
live_stem_wood_coeff0.01floatLive stem wood coefficient (kg C m⁻³).
specific_leaf_density0.05floatSpecific leaf density (kg C m⁻² leaf).
root_leaf_nitrogen_ratio1.0floatRatio of root nitrogen to top leaf nitrogen (unitless).
stem_leaf_nitrogen_ratio0.1floatRatio of stem nitrogen to top leaf nitrogen (unitless).
relative_contribution_factor0.25floatFactor of relative contribution for growth respiration, Rgrowth (unitless).

Farquhar Photosynthesis Model

NameValueTypeDescription
CO2_compensation_point_25c4.275e-5floatCO₂ compensation point ($\Gamma^*$) at 25°C (mol mol⁻¹). Source: Bernacchi et al. (2001).
CO2_michaelis_menten0.0004049floatMichaelis-Menten parameter for CO₂ at 25°C (mol mol⁻¹). Source: Bernacchi et al. (2001).
O2_michaelis_menten0.2784floatMichaelis-Menten parameter for O₂ at 25°C (mol mol⁻¹). Source: Bernacchi et al. (2001).
CO2_activation_energy79430.0floatEnergy of activation for CO₂ (J mol⁻¹). Source: Bonan (2019), Table 11.2; Bernacchi et al. (2001, 2003).
O2_activation_energy36380.0floatEnergy of activation for oxygen (J mol⁻¹). Source: Bonan (2019), Table 11.2; Bernacchi et al. (2001, 2003).
Vcmax_activation_energy65330.0floatEnergy of activation for Vcmax (J mol⁻¹). Source: Bonan (2019), Table 11.2; Bernacchi et al. (2001, 2003).
Γstar_activation_energy37830.0floatEnergy of activation for $\Gamma^*$ (J mol⁻¹). Source: Bonan (2019), Table 11.2; Bernacchi et al. (2001, 2003).
Jmax_activation_energy43540.0floatEnergy of activation for Jmax (J mol⁻¹). Source: Bonan (2019), Table 11.2; Bernacchi et al. (2001, 2003).
Rd_activation_energy46390.0floatEnergy of activation for dark respiration, Rd (J mol⁻¹). Source: Bonan (2019), Table 11.2; Bernacchi et al. (2001, 2003).
kelvin_25C298.15floatReference temperature equal to 25°C (K).
intercellular_O2_concentration0.209floatIntercellular O₂ concentration, assumed constant (mol mol⁻¹).
photosystem_II_quantum_yield0.7floatQuantum yield of photosystem II (unitless). Source: Bonan (2019); Bernacchi et al. (2003).
Farquhar_curvature_parameter0.9floatCurvature parameter for calculating $J$, a fitting constant (unitless). Source: von Caemmerer (2000, 2013); Bernacchi et al. (2003, 2013); von Caemmerer et al. (2009).
dark_respiration_factor0.015floatConstant factor appearing in the dark respiration term (unitless). Source: Bonan (2019).
low_water_pressure_sensitivity5.0e-6floatSensitivity of stomatal conductance to low water pressure (Pa⁻¹).
moisture_stress_ref_water_pressure-2.0e6floatReference water pressure for the moisture stress factor (Pa). Source: Tuzet et al. (2003).
electron_transport_maintenance0.05336251floatConstant describing the cost of maintaining electron transport (unitless).

Soil CO₂ Model

NameValueTypeDescription
kg_C_to_mol_CO2_factor83.26floatConversion factor from kg C to mol CO₂ (mol kg⁻¹).
CO2_diffusion_coefficient1.39e-5floatDiffusion coefficient for CO₂ in air at standard temperature and pressure (m² s⁻¹). Source: Ryan et al. (2018), DOI: 10.5194/gmd-11-1909-2018.
oxygen_diffusion_coefficient1.67floatDiffusion coefficient of oxygen in air (unitless). Source: Davidson et al. (2011), DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02546.x.
soil_C_substrate_diffusivity3.17floatDiffusivity of soil C substrate in liquid (unitless). Source: Ryan et al. (2018), DOI: 10.5194/gmd-11-1909-2018.
soilCO2_pre_exponential_factor194000.0floatPre-exponential factor for soil CO₂ model (kg C m⁻³ s⁻¹). Source: Davidson et al. (2011), DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02546.x.
soilCO2_activation_energy61000.0floatActivation energy for soil CO₂ model (J mol⁻¹). Source: Davidson et al. (2011), DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02546.x.
michaelis_constant0.005floatMichaelis constant (kg C m⁻³). Source: Davidson et al. (2011), DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02546.x.
O2_michaelis_constant0.004floatMichaelis constant for O₂ (m³ m⁻³). Source: Davidson et al. (2011), DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02546.x.
O2_volume_fraction0.209floatVolumetric fraction of O₂ in the soil air (unitless). Source: Davidson et al. (2011), DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02546.x.
soluble_soil_carbon_fraction0.024floatFraction of soil carbon that is considered soluble (unitless). Source: Davidson et al. (2011), DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02546.x.

Soil Model

NameValueTypeDescription
thermal_conductivity_of_quartz8.0floatThermal conductivity of quartz (W m⁻¹ K⁻¹). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.
thermal_conductivity_of_soil_minerals2.5floatThermal conductivity of soil minerals, excluding quartz (W m⁻¹ K⁻¹). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.
thermal_conductivity_of_organic_matter0.25floatThermal conductivity of organic matter (W m⁻¹ K⁻¹). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.
thermal_conductivity_of_liquid_water0.57floatThermal conductivity of liquid water at 10°C (W m⁻¹ K⁻¹). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.
thermal_conductivity_of_water_ice2.21floatThermal conductivity of water ice at its freezing temperature (W m⁻¹ K⁻¹). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.
kersten_number_alpha0.24floatEmpirical constant $\alpha$ used in computing the Kersten number (unitless). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.
kersten_number_beta18.3floatEmpirical constant $\beta$ used in computing the Kersten number (unitless). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.
ice_impedance_omega7.0floatImpedance parameter $\Omega$ used to adjust soil hydraulic conductivity for ice presence (unitless). Source: Lundin (1990), DOI: 10.1016/0022-1694(90)90264-X.
temperature_factor_soil_hydraulic_conductivity0.0264floatAn empirical parameter for adjusting soil hydraulic conductivity based on temperature (K⁻¹).
temperature_reference_soil_hydraulic_conductivity288floatThe reference temperature for adjusting soil hydraulic conductivity (K).
maximum_dry_soil_layer_depth0.015floatMaximum depth of the dry soil layer that can develop under evaporation (m). Source: Shokri and Or (2011), DOI: 10.1029/2010WR010284.
emissivity_bare_soil0.96floatEmissivity of bare soil (unitless). Source: CLM5 Technical Note (2020).

Energy Hydrology

NameValueTypeDescription
soil_momentum_roughness_length0.01floatMomentum roughness length for soil (m). Source: CLM5 Technical Note (2020).
soil_scalar_roughness_length0.007floatScalar roughness length for soil (m), assuming friction velocity $u_*$ of 5 m s⁻¹. Source: CLM5 Technical Note (2020).
snow_momentum_roughness_length0.0024floatMomentum roughness length for snow (m). Source: CLM5 Technical Note (2020).
snow_scalar_roughness_length0.08floatScalar roughness length for snow (m), assuming friction velocity $u_*$ of 5 m s⁻¹. Source: CLM5 Technical Note (2020).
particle_density_quartz2660.0floatParticle density of quartz (kg m⁻³). Source: Hillel (1982); De Vries (1966).
particle_density_minerals2650.0floatParticle density of soil minerals (kg m⁻³). Source: Hillel (1982).
particle_density_organic_matter1300.0floatParticle density of organic matter (kg m⁻³). Source: Hillel (1982).
vol_heat_capacity_quartz2.01e6floatVolumetric heat capacity of quartz (J m⁻³ K⁻¹). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.
vol_heat_capacity_organic_matter2.51e6floatVolumetric heat capacity of organic matter (J m⁻³ K⁻¹). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.
vol_heat_capacity_minerals2.01e6floatVolumetric heat capacity of soil minerals excluding quartz (J m⁻³ K⁻¹). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.

Bucket Model

NameValueTypeDescription
soil_conductivity1.5floatConstant conductivity of the soil (W m⁻¹ K⁻¹). Source: SLIM model, Laguë et al. (2019).
soil_heat_capacity2.0e6floatVolumetric heat capacity of the soil (J m⁻³ K⁻¹). Source: SLIM model, Laguë et al. (2019).
critical_snow_water_equivalent0.05floatCritical snow water equivalent ($\sigma_{SWE}$) at which the surface transitions to fully snow-covered (m). Source: SLIM model, Laguë et al. (2019).
land_bucket_capacity0.2floatWater capacity of the land bucket (m). Source: SLIM model, Laguë et al. (2019).
critical_snow_fraction0.0floatFraction of the critical snow amount at which the sublimation factor ($\beta$) begins to decay to zero (unitless). Source: SLIM model, Laguë et al. (2019).
bucket_capacity_fraction0.75floatFraction of the bucket capacity at which the evaporation factor ($\beta$) begins to decay to zero (unitless). Source: SLIM model, Laguë et al. (2019).
bucket_beta_decay_exponent1floatExponent used in the decay of the evaporation/sublimation factor ($\beta$) (unitless). Source: SLIM model, Laguë et al. (2019).

Snow

NameValueTypeDescription
snow_density200floatDensity of snow (kg m⁻³).
snow_albedo0.8floatAlbedo of snow (unitless).
snow_emissivity0.97floatEmissivity of snow (unitless). Source: CLM5 Technical Note (2020).
holding_capacity_of_water_in_snow0.08floatVolumetric holding capacity of liquid water in a snowpack (unitless).
wet_snow_hydraulic_conductivity0.001floatHydraulic conductivity of wet snow (m s⁻¹).
snow_cover_fraction_crit_threshold0.2floatCritical threshold for determining snow cover fraction (m).

Two-Stream and Beer-Lambert

NameValueTypeDescription
wavelength_per_PAR_photon5.0e-7floatTypical wavelength of a photon in the Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) band (m).
wavelength_per_NIR_photon1.65e-6floatTypical wavelength of a photon in the Near-Infrared (NIR) band (m).
canopy_emissivity0.97floatEmissivity of the canopy (unitless).

Medlyn Conductance

NameValueTypeDescription
relative_diffusivity_of_water_vapor1.6floatRelative diffusivity of water vapor compared to heat (unitless).
min_stomatal_conductance0.0001floatMinimum stomatal conductance (mol m⁻² s⁻¹).

Model Diagnostics

NameValueTypeDescription
cloud_top_q_threshold1.0e-8floatMinimum value for condensate required to calculate top of cloud (kg kg⁻¹).
cloud_top_k1.0e10floatParameter controlling steepness of (logistic) transition between cloud and non-cloud for cloud top calculations (unitless).
cloud_top_a0.001floatParameter controlling exponential scale of favoring cloud top for cloud top calculations (unitless).
cloud_fraction_param_vec[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, …] (5 entries)floatData-driven cloud fraction parameter vector (unitless).
cloud_fraction_steepness_scale1.0floatScale parameter for the steepness of the cloud fraction/condensate relationship (unitless). Should be 1 for exact Gaussian/lognormal SGS distributions.
cloud_fraction_eps_rel0.02floatResidual fractional saturation variability (unitless) entering the augmented-$\sigma$ floor in the cloud-fraction closure: $\sigma_{S,\text{floor}}^2 = (\varepsilon_\text{rel} \cdot q_\text{sat})^2 + \sigma_\text{abs}^2$. Models intra-environment condensate patchiness that the equilibrium SGS variance does not capture.
cloud_fraction_sigma_abs1.0e-7floatAbsolute floor (kg kg⁻¹) on the augmented saturation-deficit standard deviation in the cloud-fraction closure $\sigma_{S,\text{floor}}^2 = (\varepsilon_\text{rel} \cdot q_\text{sat})^2 + \sigma_\text{abs}^2$, used for numerical robustness as $q_\text{sat} \to 0$.

Idealized Benchmarks

Held-Suarez

NameValueTypeDescription
held_suarez_T_equator_dry315floatEquatorial temperature for the dry Held-Suarez benchmark (K). Source: Held and Suarez (1994), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1825:APFTIO>2.0.CO;2.
held_suarez_T_equator_wet294floatEquatorial temperature for the moist Held-Suarez benchmark (K). Source: Held and Suarez (1994), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1825:APFTIO>2.0.CO;2.
potential_temp_vertical_gradient10floatVertical gradient of potential temperature with height (K m⁻¹). Source: Held and Suarez (1994), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1825:APFTIO>2.0.CO;2.
drag_layer_vertical_extent0.7floatVertical extent of the drag layer as a fraction of total pressure depth (unitless). Source: Held and Suarez (1994), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1825:APFTIO>2.0.CO;2.
held_suarez_minimum_temperature200floatMinimum temperature allowed in the benchmark (K). Source: Held and Suarez (1994), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1825:APFTIO>2.0.CO;2.
equator_pole_temperature_gradient_dry60floatEquator-to-pole temperature gradient for the dry benchmark (K). Source: Held and Suarez (1994), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1825:APFTIO>2.0.CO;2.
equator_pole_temperature_gradient_wet65floatEquator-to-pole temperature gradient for the moist benchmark (K). Source: Held and Suarez (1994), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1825:APFTIO>2.0.CO;2.

RCEMIP

NameValueTypeDescription
SST_mean300floatMean sea surface temperature (SST) for RCEMIP surface conditions (K). Source: Wing et al. (2018).
SST_delta1.25floatAmplitude of the SST sinusoid for RCEMIP surface conditions (K). Note: value is $2 \times$ amplitude. Source: Wing et al. (2018).
SST_wavelength6.0e6floatWavelength of the SST sinusoid for RCEMIP box models (m). Source: Wing et al. (2018).
SST_wavelength_latitude54floatWavelength of the SST sinusoid for RCEMIP sphere models (degrees latitude). Source: Wing et al. (2018).