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Parameter List

Every parameter in the default file bundled with ClimaParams.jl (src/parameters.toml), grouped by the sections of that file. This page is generated by the documentation build, so it cannot drift from the file it documents.

Retrieve any of these by name:

import ClimaParams as CP
toml_dict = CP.create_toml_dict(Float64)
toml_dict["gravitational_acceleration"]

See Adding and Changing Parameters to add one.

There are 696 parameters in 15 groups.

Universal Physical Constants

NameValueTypeDescription
universal_gas_constant8.3144598floatUniversal gas constant ($R$) (J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹).
light_speed299792458floatSpeed of light in vacuum ($c$) (m s⁻¹).
planck_constant6.626e-34floatPlanck's constant ($h$) (J s).
boltzmann_constant1.381e-23floatBoltzmann's constant ($k_B$) (J K⁻¹).
stefan_boltzmann_constant5.67e-8floatStefan-Boltzmann constant ($\sigma$) (W m⁻² K⁻⁴).
astronomical_unit149597870700floatAstronomical unit (AU) (m). Exact by the IAU 2012 definition (Resolution B2).
avogadro_constant6.02214076e23floatAvogadro's constant ($N_A$) (mol⁻¹).

Planetary and Orbital Parameters (Earth Defaults)

NameValueTypeDescription
planet_radius6371000floatMean radius of the planet (m).
day86400floatLength of a day (s).
angular_velocity_planet_rotation7.2921159e-5floatAngular velocity of planetary rotation ($\Omega$) (rad s⁻¹).
f_plane_coriolis_frequency0floatCoriolis frequency on an f-plane (s⁻¹).
gravitational_acceleration9.81floatGravitational acceleration on the planet (m s⁻²).
anomalistic_year_length3.15584335e7floatLength of an anomalistic year (s). Derived as 365.2596 * day, from the JPL (Standish) 1800-2050 Earth-Moon barycenter rates: 360 / (35999.37244981 - 0.32327364) °/century.
length_orbit_semi_major149597870700floatSemi-major axis of the planetary orbit (m). Derived as 1 * astronomical_unit.
total_solar_irradiance1362floatTotal solar irradiance (TSI) at the mean orbital distance (W m⁻²).
epoch_time2000-01-01T11:58:55.816datetimeJ2000 epoch (Jan 1, 2000 11:58:55.816 UTC) as a DateTime.
mean_anomaly_at_epoch6.2400213902floatMean anomaly at J2000 epoch (radians). Corresponds to 357.52688973°, from the JPL (Standish) 1800-2050 Earth-Moon barycenter elements as mean longitude minus longitude of perihelion, 100.46457166° - 102.93768193°.
orbit_obliquity_at_epoch0.4090926006floatMean obliquity of the ecliptic at J2000 epoch (radians). Corresponds to 23.43927944° = 84381.406", the IAU 2006 value. Source: Capitaine et al. (2003), DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20020420.
longitude_perihelion_at_epoch4.93819412764floatLongitude of perihelion of the Sun's apparent orbit at J2000 epoch, measured eastward from the vernal equinox (radians). Corresponds to 282.93768193°, i.e. the JPL (Standish) 1800-2050 Earth-Moon barycenter longitude of perihelion 102.93768193° plus 180°.
orbit_eccentricity_at_epoch0.01671123floatOrbital eccentricity at J2000 epoch (unitless). JPL (Standish) 1800-2050 Earth-Moon barycenter value.

Thermodynamic Constants

NameValueTypeDescription
gas_constant_dry_air287.0floatGas constant for dry air (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).
isobaric_specific_heat_dry_air1004.5floatIsobaric specific heat of dry air (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).
molar_mass_dry_air0.02897floatMolar mass of dry air (kg mol⁻¹).
adiabatic_exponent_dry_air0.28571428571floatAdiabatic exponent for dry air ($\kappa_d$), derived from $R_d/c_{pd}$ or 2/7 (unitless).
density_liquid_water1000floatDensity of liquid water (kg m⁻³).
density_ice_water916.7floatDensity of water ice (kg m⁻³).
gas_constant_vapor461.5floatGas constant for water vapor (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).
molar_mass_water0.01801528floatMolar mass of water (kg mol⁻¹).
isobaric_specific_heat_vapor1859floatIsobaric specific heat of water vapor (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).
isobaric_specific_heat_liquid4181floatIsobaric specific heat of liquid water (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).
isobaric_specific_heat_ice2070.0floatIsobaric specific heat of ice (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).
temperature_water_freeze273.15floatFreezing temperature of water (K).
temperature_minimum150floatMinimum temperature for thermodynamic calculations (K).
specific_humidity_minimum1.0e-10floatMinimum specific humidity threshold (kg kg⁻¹). Used as a lower bound when comparing or regularizing humidity values.
specific_humidity_maximum0.1floatMaximum specific humidity for thermodynamic calculations (kg kg⁻¹).
temperature_saturation_adjustment_init_min150floatMinimum temperature for saturation adjustment initialization (K).
temperature_saturation_adjustment_min1floatMinimum temperature difference for unsaturated case in saturation adjustment (K).
temperature_saturation_adjustment_max1000floatMaximum temperature for saturation adjustment (K).
temperature_homogenous_nucleation233floatTemperature for homogeneous ice nucleation (K).
pow_icenuc1floatExponent in the ice nucleation parameterization (unitless).
temperature_triple_point273.16floatTriple point temperature of water (K).
thermodynamics_temperature_reference273.16floatReference temperature for thermodynamics (K).
latent_heat_vaporization_at_reference2500800floatLatent heat of vaporization at the reference temperature (J kg⁻¹).
latent_heat_sublimation_at_reference2834400floatLatent heat of sublimation at the reference temperature (J kg⁻¹).
pressure_triple_point611.657floatTriple point pressure of water (Pa).
surface_tension_water0.072floatSurface tension of water (N m⁻¹).
entropy_dry_air6864.8floatSpecific entropy of dry air at the reference temperature and pressure (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).
entropy_water_vapor10513.6floatSpecific entropy of water vapor at the reference temperature and pressure (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).
entropy_reference_temperature298.15floatReference temperature for entropy calculations (K).
potential_temperature_reference_pressure100000.0floatReference pressure for potential temperature calculations ($p_0$) (Pa).
mean_sea_level_pressure101325floatMean sea level pressure ($p_{MSL}$) (Pa).
temperature_surface_reference288floatSurface temperature in a reference temperature profile (K).
temperature_min_reference215floatMinimum temperature in a reference temperature profile (K).
reference_temperature_exponent7floatExponent $s_\text{ref}$ of the Exner function in the hydrostatic reference temperature profile $T_r(p) = T_\text{min} + (T_\text{sfc} - T_\text{min})\,\Pi(p)^{s_\text{ref}}$ (unitless).
reference_relative_humidity0.5floatReference relative humidity used to build a reference total moisture specific humidity profile (unitless).
reference_moisture_cutoff_pressure25000floatPressure cutoff above which the reference-state total-water specific humidity is clipped to zero (Pa). Keeps the reference profile confined to the troposphere, avoiding unphysical stratospheric growth.

Ocean

NameValueTypeDescription
density_ocean_reference1035floatReference density of sea water (kg m⁻³).
specific_heat_ocean3991.86795711963floatSpecific heat of sea water (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).

Surface Fluxes

NameValueTypeDescription
richardson_critical1.0floatCritical Richardson number ($Ri_{crit}$) defining the cutoff for stable mixing (unitless). Source: Frierson et al. (2006), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3753.1.
surface_layer_fraction0.1floatThe surface layer thickness as a fraction of the planetary boundary layer height (unitless). Source: Frierson et al. (2006), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3753.1.
gustiness1.0floatA parameter accounting for near-surface gustiness (m s⁻¹).
default_momentum_roughness_length0.0002floatDefault momentum roughness length (m).
default_scalar_roughness_length2.0e-5floatDefault scalar roughness length (m).
stanton_number0.1floatStanton number: ratio of heat to momentum roughness lengths (unitless).
charnock_wind_low10floatUpper bound of low-wind speed regime for Charnock parameter (m s⁻¹).
charnock_parameter_low0.011floatCharnock parameter $\alpha$ for momentum roughness length in low wind ($z_0 = \alpha u_*^2 / g$) (unitless).
charnock_wind_high18floatLower bound of high-wind speed regime for Charnock parameter (m s⁻¹).
charnock_parameter_high0.018floatCharnock parameter $\alpha$ for momentum roughness length in high wind ($z_0 = \alpha u_*^2 / g$) (unitless).
gustiness_coeff1.25floatCoefficient multiplying Deardorff convective velocity scale in gustiness parameterization (unitless).
gustiness_zi1000.0floatThickness of boundary layer assumed in the gustiness parameterization based on the Deardorff convective velocity scale (m).
von_karman_constant0.4floatThe von Kármán constant ($\kappa$) describing the logarithmic velocity profile near a boundary (unitless).

Businger

NameValueTypeDescription
prandtl_number_0_businger0.74floatThe turbulent Prandtl number in neutral conditions ($Pr_0$) for the Businger universal functions (unitless). Source: Businger et al. (1971), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_a_m_businger4.7floatCoefficient $a_m$ for the Businger momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Businger et al. (1971), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_b_m_businger15.0floatCoefficient $b_m$ for the Businger momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Businger et al. (1971), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_a_h_businger4.7floatCoefficient $a_h$ for the Businger heat universal function (unitless). Source: Businger et al. (1971), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_b_h_businger9.0floatCoefficient $b_h$ for the Businger heat universal function (unitless). Source: Businger et al. (1971), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2.
most_stability_parameter_businger2.5floatThe MOST stability parameter ($\zeta_a$) for the Businger universal functions (unitless). Source: Businger et al. (1971), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2.
most_stability_exponent_businger4.42floatThe MOST stability exponent ($\gamma$) for the Businger universal functions (unitless). Source: Businger et al. (1971), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2.

Gryanik

NameValueTypeDescription
prandtl_number_0_gryanik0.98floatThe turbulent Prandtl number in neutral conditions ($Pr_0$) for the Gryanik universal functions (unitless). Source: Gryanik et al. (2020), DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0255.1.
coefficient_a_m_gryanik5.0floatCoefficient $a_m$ for the Gryanik momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Gryanik et al. (2020), DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0255.1.
coefficient_a_h_gryanik5.0floatCoefficient $a_h$ for the Gryanik heat universal function (unitless). Source: Gryanik et al. (2020), DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0255.1.
coefficient_b_m_gryanik0.3floatCoefficient $b_m$ for the Gryanik momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Gryanik et al. (2020), DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0255.1.
coefficient_b_h_gryanik0.4floatCoefficient $b_h$ for the Gryanik heat universal function (unitless). Source: Gryanik et al. (2020), DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0255.1.
most_stability_parameter_gryanik7.25floatThe MOST stability parameter ($\zeta_a$) for the Gryanik universal functions (unitless). Source: Gryanik et al. (2020), DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0255.1.
most_stability_exponent_gryanik3.62floatThe MOST stability exponent ($\gamma$) for the Gryanik universal functions (unitless). Source: Gryanik et al. (2020), DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0255.1.

Grachev

NameValueTypeDescription
prandtl_number_0_grachev0.98floatThe turbulent Prandtl number in neutral conditions ($Pr_0$) for the Grachev universal functions (unitless). Source: Grachev et al. (2007), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-007-9177-6.
coefficient_a_m_grachev5.0floatCoefficient $a_m$ for the Grachev momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Grachev et al. (2007), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-007-9177-6.
coefficient_a_h_grachev5.0floatCoefficient $a_h$ for the Grachev heat universal function (unitless). Source: Grachev et al. (2007), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-007-9177-6.
coefficient_b_m_grachev0.7692307692307693floatDerived coefficient $b_m$ for the Grachev momentum universal function, calculated as $a_m / 6.5$ (unitless). Source: Grachev et al. (2007), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-007-9177-6.
coefficient_b_h_grachev5.0floatCoefficient $b_h$ for the Grachev heat universal function (unitless). Source: Grachev et al. (2007), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-007-9177-6.
coefficient_c_h_grachev3.0floatCoefficient $c_h$ for the Grachev heat universal function (unitless). Source: Grachev et al. (2007), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-007-9177-6.
most_stability_parameter_grachev3.6floatThe MOST stability parameter ($\zeta_a$) for the Grachev universal functions (unitless). Source: Grachev et al. (2007), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-007-9177-6.
most_stability_exponent_grachev2.92floatThe MOST stability exponent ($\gamma$) for the Grachev universal functions (unitless). Source: Grachev et al. (2007), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-007-9177-6.

Cheng

NameValueTypeDescription
prandtl_number_0_cheng1.0floatThe turbulent Prandtl number in neutral conditions ($Pr_0$) for the Cheng universal functions (unitless). Source: Cheng et al. (2005), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-004-1425-4.
coefficient_a_m_cheng6.1floatCoefficient $a_m$ for the Cheng momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Cheng et al. (2005), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-004-1425-4.
coefficient_a_h_cheng5.3floatCoefficient $a_h$ for the Cheng heat universal function (unitless). Source: Cheng et al. (2005), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-004-1425-4.
coefficient_b_m_cheng2.5floatCoefficient $b_m$ for the Cheng momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Cheng et al. (2005), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-004-1425-4.
coefficient_b_h_cheng1.1floatCoefficient $b_h$ for the Cheng heat universal function (unitless). Source: Cheng et al. (2005), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-004-1425-4.
most_stability_parameter_cheng4.5floatThe MOST stability parameter ($\zeta$) for the Cheng universal functions (unitless). Source: Cheng et al. (2005), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-004-1425-4.
most_stability_exponent_cheng2.28floatThe MOST stability exponent ($\gamma$) for the Cheng universal functions (unitless). Source: Cheng et al. (2005), DOI: 10.1007/s10546-004-1425-4.

Holtslag

NameValueTypeDescription
prandtl_number_0_holtslag1.0floatThe turbulent Prandtl number in neutral conditions ($Pr_0$) for the Holtslag universal functions (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_a_m_holtslag0.7floatCoefficient $a_m$ for the Holtslag momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_a_h_holtslag0.7floatCoefficient $a_h$ for the Holtslag heat universal function (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_b_m_holtslag0.75floatCoefficient $b_m$ for the Holtslag momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_b_h_holtslag0.75floatCoefficient $b_h$ for the Holtslag heat universal function (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_c_m_holtslag5.0floatCoefficient $c_m$ for the Holtslag momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_c_h_holtslag5.0floatCoefficient $c_h$ for the Holtslag heat universal function (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_d_m_holtslag0.35floatCoefficient $d_m$ for the Holtslag momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_d_h_holtslag0.35floatCoefficient $d_h$ for the Holtslag heat universal function (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
most_stability_parameter_holtslag4.0floatThe MOST stability parameter ($\zeta_a$) for the Holtslag universal functions (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.
most_stability_exponent_holtslag2.14floatThe MOST stability exponent ($\gamma$) for the Holtslag universal functions (unitless). Source: Holtslag et al. (1988), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2.

Beljaars

NameValueTypeDescription
prandtl_number_0_beljaars1.0floatThe turbulent Prandtl number in neutral conditions ($Pr_0$) for the Beljaars universal functions (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_a_m_beljaars1.0floatCoefficient $a_m$ for the Beljaars momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_a_h_beljaars1.0floatCoefficient $a_h$ for the Beljaars heat universal function (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_b_m_beljaars0.667floatCoefficient $b_m$ for the Beljaars momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_b_h_beljaars0.667floatCoefficient $b_h$ for the Beljaars heat universal function (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_c_m_beljaars5.0floatCoefficient $c_m$ for the Beljaars momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_c_h_beljaars5.0floatCoefficient $c_h$ for the Beljaars heat universal function (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_d_m_beljaars0.35floatCoefficient $d_m$ for the Beljaars momentum universal function (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
coefficient_d_h_beljaars0.35floatCoefficient $d_h$ for the Beljaars heat universal function (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
most_stability_parameter_beljaars3.4floatThe MOST stability parameter ($\zeta_a$) for the Beljaars universal functions (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.
most_stability_exponent_beljaars2.04floatThe MOST stability exponent ($\gamma$) for the Beljaars universal functions (unitless). Source: Beljaars et al. (1991), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<0327:FPOLSF>2.0.CO;2.

EDMF Scheme

Entrainment and Detrainment

NameValueTypeDescription
entr_param_vec[1.0, 1.0, 1.0, …] (12 entries)floatData-driven entrainment parameter vector (unitless).
entr_mult_limiter_coeff0.0floatExponent for the multiplicative entrainment limiter of the form $(1 - area)^c$ (unitless).
turb_entr_param_vec[0.001, 100000.0, 0.0]floatData-driven turbulent entrainment parameter vector (unitless).
entr_inv_tau0floatInverse timescale for entrainment (s⁻¹).
entr_inv_length0floatInverse length scale for entrainment (m⁻¹).
entr_coeff1floatCoefficient for the $w/z$ term in the entrainment closure (unitless).
entr_buoy_coeff0floatCoefficient for the $b/w^2$ term in the entrainment closure (unitless).
entr_vertdiv_coeff1floatCoefficient for the vertical divergence term in the entrainment closure (unitless).
min_area_limiter_scale0.001floatRate coefficient for the minimum area fraction limiter in entrainment (s⁻¹).
min_area_limiter_power1floatExponent for the minimum area fraction limiter in both entrainment and detrainment (unitless).
entr_detr_limit_inv_tau0floatInverse timescale for entrainment and detrainment for negligible area (s⁻¹).
detr_inv_tau0floatInverse timescale for detrainment (s⁻¹).
detr_coeff0.001floatCoefficient for the $w$ term in the detrainment closure (unitless).
detr_buoy_coeff0.12floatCoefficient for the $b/w^2$ term in the detrainment closure (unitless). Source: Tan et al. (2018), Eq. (27).
detr_buoy_inv_tau_max0.01floatMaximum allowed inverse buoyancy timescale (s⁻¹), used to limit detrainment when velocity differences become small and prevent excessively fast detrainment.
entr_detr_buoy_inv_tau_max0.01floatMaximum allowed inverse buoyancy timescale (s⁻¹), used to limit entrainment and detrainment when velocity differences become small and prevent excessively fast entrainment and detrainment.
detr_vertdiv_coeff1floatCoefficient for the vertical divergence term in the detrainment closure (unitless).
detr_massflux_vertdiv_coeff1floatCoefficient for the mass flux vertical divergence term in the detrainment closure (unitless).
detr_ramp_z_start20000.0floatStart height of the sigmoid ramp for the detrainment top limiter (m).
detr_ramp_steepness_factor10.0floatFactor setting the steepness of the sigmoid ramp for the detrainment top limiter (unitless), where the steepness is the factor divided by $(z_\text{end} - z_\text{start})$.
max_area_limiter_scale0.001floatRate coefficient for the maximum area fraction limiter in detrainment (s⁻¹).
max_area_limiter_power1floatExponent for the maximum area fraction limiter in detrainment (unitless).

Updraft Number, Area, and Surface Mass Flux

NameValueTypeDescription
updraft_number1integerNumber of updrafts in the EDMF scheme (unitless).
EDMF_max_surface_area0.1floatMaximum combined updraft surface-area fraction (unitless), reached in the free-convection limit of the EDMF surface mass-flux closure. The per-updraft cap is max_surface_area / N_updrafts. Source: Cohen et al. (2022), Table 2.
EDMF_max_area0.9floatMaximum area fraction per updraft (unitless).
EDMF_min_area1.0e-5floatMinimum area fraction per updraft (unitless).
EDMF_sfc_mass_flux_ustar_coeff1.0floatCoefficient $c_u$ weighting the friction-velocity contribution in the EDMF surface mass-flux blend $a_s = a_{s,\max} \cdot w_*^3 / (w_*^3 + c_u u_*^3)$ (unitless).
EDMF_convective_zi1000.0floatPrescribed convective boundary-layer depth $z_i$ used in the EDMF surface mass-flux closure $w_*^3 = z_i \langle w'b' \rangle_s$ (m).
EDMF_sfc_mass_flux_cap_fraction0.5floatFraction $\alpha$ of the surface scalar flux that the EDMF updraft may transport at the surface; caps the updraft mass-flux source so the environment retains at least $(1-\alpha)$ of every surface scalar flux (unitless).
EDMF_interface_entr_efficiency0.4floatEntrainment efficiency $A$ (unitless) in the EDMF interfacial entrainment diffusivity $K_e = \gamma w_e \Delta z$, $w_e = A \sqrt{TKE} / \max(\mathrm{Ri}_b, 1)$, which restores finite entrainment across an unresolved inversion represented by the interface-aware stability closure.

Mixing Length

NameValueTypeDescription
mixing_length_eddy_viscosity_coefficient0.14floatTKE diffusivity coefficient ($c_m$) for the EDMF mixing length closure (unitless). Source: Lopez-Gomez et al. (2020), Table 1.
mixing_length_diss_coeff0.22floatTKE dissipation coefficient ($c_d$) for the EDMF mixing length closure (unitless). Source: Lopez-Gomez et al. (2020), Table 1.
mixing_length_static_stab_coeff0.4floatStatic stability coefficient ($c_b$) for the EDMF mixing length closure (unitless). Source: Lopez-Gomez et al. (2020), Table 1.
mixing_length_tke_surf_scale3.75floatRatio of TKE to squared friction velocity ($\kappa_*^2$) in the surface layer for the EDMF mixing length closure (unitless). Source: Lopez-Gomez et al. (2020), Table 1.
mixing_length_tke_surf_flux_coeff2.5floatCoefficient multiplying flux in the $u_*^3$ surface flux formulation of TKE ($C_{flux}$) (unitless).
mixing_length_Prandtl_number_scale4.076923076923077floatCospectral budget factor for turbulent Prandtl number ($\omega_{pr}$) for the EDMF mixing length closure (unitless). Source: Lopez-Gomez et al. (2020), Eq. (36).
mixing_length_Prandtl_number_00.74floatTurbulent Prandtl number in neutral conditions ($Pr_{t,0}$) (unitless). Source: Lopez-Gomez et al. (2020), Table 1.
mixing_length_Prandtl_maximum10floatMaximum allowed turbulent Prandtl number (unitless).
mixing_length_Ri_crit0.25floatCritical gradient Richardson number ($Ri_{crit}$) (unitless). Source: Li (2019), Section 6.2.
mixing_length_smin_ub0.1floatLower limit for the smooth minimum function in the mixing length closure (unitless). Source: Lopez-Gomez et al. (2020), Eq. (40).
mixing_length_smin_rm1.5floatUpper ratio limit for the smooth minimum function in the mixing length closure (unitless). Source: Lopez-Gomez et al. (2020), Eq. (40).
mixing_length_l_max1.0e6floatUpper limit for the length scale in the mixing length closure (m). Source: Lopez-Gomez et al. (2020).
mixing_length_l_min10floatLower limit for the mixing length (m).
mixing_length_param_vec[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, …] (5 entries)floatData-driven mixing length parameter vector (unitless).

Entrainment and Detrainment Scaling Constants

NameValueTypeDescription
entrainment_factor0.13floatScaling constant for entrainment rate (unitless). Source: Cohen et al. (2022), Table 2.
detrainment_factor0.51floatScaling constant for detrainment rate (unitless). Source: Cohen et al. (2022), Table 2.
turbulent_entrainment_factor0.075floatScaling constant for turbulent entrainment rate (unitless). Source: Cohen et al. (2022), Table 2.
entrainment_smin_tke_coeff0.3floatScaling constant of the TKE term in the entrainment/detrainment inverse timescale smooth minimum (unitless). Source: Cohen et al. (2022), Table 2.
updraft_mixing_frac0.25floatFraction of updraft air used for buoyancy mixing in the entrainment/detrainment formulation (unitless). Source: Cohen et al. (2022), Table 2.
entrainment_area_limiter_scale4.0floatScaling factor (amplitude) of the exponential detrainment area limiter (unitless).
entrainment_area_limiter_power10.0floatExponential decay constant in the detrainment area limiter (unitless).
entrainment_scale0.0004floatDimensional constant scaling the logistic function argument in the entrainment/detrainment dry term (s⁻¹). Source: Cohen et al. (2022), Table 2.
entrainment_sorting_power2.0floatSorting power for the moisture term in the entrainment/detrainment formulation (unitless). Source: Cohen et al. (2022), Table 2.

Updraft Limiters

NameValueTypeDescription
minimum_updraft_velocity0.001floatMinimum updraft-environment vertical velocity difference (m s⁻¹).
minimum_updraft_top500.0floatMinimum updraft height limiter (m).

Perturbation Pressure

NameValueTypeDescription
pressure_normalmode_buoy_coeff10.12floatPressure buoyancy coefficient in the perturbation pressure closure (unitless). Source: He et al. (2022), Eq. (34).
pressure_normalmode_adv_coeff0.1floatPressure advection (damping) coefficient in the perturbation pressure closure (unitless). Source: He et al. (2022), Eq. (34).
pressure_normalmode_drag_coeff10.0floatUpdraft pressure drag coefficient in the perturbation pressure closure (unitless). Source: He et al. (2022), Eq. (34).
pressure_normalmode_param_vec[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, …] (5 entries)floatData-driven perturbation pressure parameter vector (unitless).

Subgrid-Scale Thermodynamics

NameValueTypeDescription
EDMF_thermodynamics_moisture_modelequilibriumstringMoisture model for EDMF thermodynamics. Options: 'equilibrium' (default), 'nonequilibrium'.
EDMF_thermodynamics_covariance_modeldiagnosticstringCovariance model for EDMF thermodynamics. Options: 'diagnostic' (default), 'prognostic'.
diagnostic_covariance_coeff2.1floatPrefactor in the turbulent production term of the EDMF covariance equation (unitless).
EDMF_thermodynamics_diagnostic_covar_limiter0.001floatRegularization epsilon for the denominator in diagnostic covariance calculations (unitless).
Tq_correlation_coefficient0.6floatDefault correlation coefficient between T' and q_tot' perturbations, used in SGS quadratures (unitless). Valid range: [-1, 1].
EDMF_thermodynamics_sgsmeanstringEnvironmental sub-grid scale model for EDMF. Options: 'mean' (default), 'quadrature'.
EDMF_thermodynamics_quadrature_order3integerNumber of 1D quadrature points for SGS sampling in EDMF (unitless).
EDMF_thermodynamics_quadrature_typelog-normalstringAssumed PDF shape for environmental variables ($q_{tot}, \theta_{liq_ice}$) with SGS quadrature. Options: 'log-normal' (default), 'gaussian'.

GCM-Driven Single-Column Forcing

NameValueTypeDescription
gcmdriven_momentum_relaxation_timescale21600.0floatRelaxation timescale for horizontal winds toward the forcing profile in Single Column Model (SCM) cases (s). Source: Shen et al. (2022).
gcmdriven_scalar_relaxation_timescale86400.0floatRelaxation timescale for scalars (temperature, humidity) toward the forcing profile in SCM cases (s). Source: Shen et al. (2022).
gcmdriven_relaxation_minimum_height3000.0floatStart height for relaxation toward the forcing profile in SCM cases (m). Source: Shen et al. (2022).
gcmdriven_relaxation_maximum_height3500.0floatHeight at which the relaxation coefficient becomes 1 in SCM cases (m). Source: Shen et al. (2022).

Precipitation Fraction

NameValueTypeDescription
microphysics_model_precipitation_fractionprescribedstringPrecipitation fraction model choice for 1-moment microphysics with EDMF. Options: 'prescribed' (default), 'cloud_cover'.
microphysics_prescribed_precipitation_fraction1.0floatPrescribed value of the precipitation fraction (unitless).
microphysics_precipitation_fraction_limiter0.3floatMinimum allowed precipitation fraction when using the 'cloud_cover' model (unitless).

Microphysics

0-Moment Scheme

NameValueTypeDescription
precipitation_timescale1000floatPrecipitation formation timescale for the 0-moment microphysics scheme (s).
specific_humidity_precipitation_threshold5.0e-6floatPrecipitation formation threshold in terms of specific humidity for the 0-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
supersaturation_precipitation_threshold0.02floatPrecipitation formation threshold in terms of supersaturation for the 0-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).

Air and Cloud Properties

NameValueTypeDescription
thermal_conductivity_of_air0.024floatThermal conductivity of air (J m⁻¹ s⁻¹ K⁻¹).
diffusivity_of_water_vapor2.26e-5floatDiffusivity of water vapor in air (m² s⁻¹).
kinematic_viscosity_of_air1.6e-5floatKinematic viscosity of air (m² s⁻¹).
condensation_evaporation_timescale10.0floatCondensation/evaporation timescale for non-equilibrium microphysics (s).
liquid_cloud_effective_radius1.4e-5floatAssumed constant effective radius for liquid cloud droplets (m).
ice_cloud_effective_radius2.5e-5floatAssumed constant effective radius for ice cloud particles (m).
sublimation_deposition_timescale10.0floatDeposition/sublimation timescale for non-equilibrium microphysics (s).
prescribed_cloud_droplet_number_concentration1.0e8floatPrescribed number concentration of cloud droplets (m⁻³).

1-Moment Scheme

NameValueTypeDescription
microph_scaling_acnv1.0floatScaling factor for the 1-moment autoconversion rate (unitless).
microph_scaling_accr1.0floatScaling factor for the 1-moment accretion rate (unitless).
microph_scaling_evap1.0floatScaling factor for the 1-moment rain evaporation rate (unitless).
microph_scaling_dep_sub1.0floatScaling factor for the 1-moment snow deposition/sublimation rate (unitless).
microph_scaling_melt1.0floatScaling factor for the 1-moment snow melting rate (unitless).
rain_drop_drag_coefficient0.55floatRain drop drag coefficient for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
ice_snow_threshold_radius6.25e-5floatThreshold particle radius separating ice and snow for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (m).
cloud_ice_size_distribution_coefficient_n02.0e7floatCloud ice size distribution parameter $n_0$ for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (m⁻⁴).
cloud_ice_crystals_length_scale1.0e-5floatCloud ice particle length scale for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (m).
cloud_ice_mass_size_relation_coefficient_me3floatExponent $m_e$ in the mass-size relation for cloud ice in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
cloud_ice_mass_size_relation_coefficient_chim1floatCoefficient $\chi_m$ in the mass-size relation for cloud ice in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
cloud_ice_mass_size_relation_coefficient_delm0floatCoefficient $\delta_m$ in the mass-size relation for cloud ice in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
cloud_liquid_water_specific_humidity_autoconversion_threshold0.0005floatRain formation threshold in terms of specific humidity for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless). Also used as the threshold for strong vertical velocities (convective regime) in the vertical velocity dependent Kessler rain formation.
cloud_liquid_water_specific_humidity_autoconversion_threshold_stratiform0.0005floatRain formation threshold in terms of specific humidity for weak vertical velocities (stratiform regime) in the vertical velocity dependent Kessler rain formation (unitless). Equal to cloud_liquid_water_specific_humidity_autoconversion_threshold by default, which gives the classic velocity-independent Kessler scheme.
rain_autoconversion_timescale1000.0floatRain formation timescale for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (s). Also used as the timescale for strong vertical velocities (convective regime) in the vertical velocity dependent Kessler rain formation.
rain_autoconversion_timescale_stratiform1000.0floatRain formation timescale for weak vertical velocities (stratiform regime) in the vertical velocity dependent Kessler rain formation (s). Equal to rain_autoconversion_timescale by default, which gives the classic velocity-independent Kessler scheme.
rain_autoconversion_velocity_scale1.5floatBlending velocity scale when using vertical velocity dependent rain formation (m s⁻¹).
rain_ventilation_coefficient_a1.5floatRain ventilation coefficient $a$ for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_ventilation_coefficient_b0.53floatRain ventilation coefficient $b$ for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_drop_size_distribution_coefficient_n01.6e7floatRain drop size distribution coefficient $n_0$ for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (m⁻⁴).
rain_drop_length_scale0.001floatRain drop length scale for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (m).
rain_minimum_inverse_lambda1.0e-8floatMinimum value for the inverse of the shape parameter $\lambda$ of the rain drop size distribution (m).
rain_mass_size_relation_coefficient_me3floatExponent $m_e$ in the mass-size relation for rain in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_cross_section_size_relation_coefficient_ae2floatExponent $a_e$ in the cross section-size relation for rain in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_terminal_velocity_size_relation_coefficient_ve0.5floatExponent $v_e$ in the terminal velocity-size relation for rain in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_mass_size_relation_coefficient_chim1floatCoefficient $\chi_m$ in the mass-size relation for rain in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_mass_size_relation_coefficient_delm0floatCoefficient $\delta_m$ in the mass-size relation for rain in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_cross_section_size_relation_coefficient_chia1floatCoefficient $\chi_a$ in the cross section-size relation for rain in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_cross_section_size_relation_coefficient_dela0floatCoefficient $\delta_a$ in the cross section-size relation for rain in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_terminal_velocity_size_relation_coefficient_chiv1floatCoefficient $\chi_v$ in the terminal velocity-size relation for rain in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_terminal_velocity_size_relation_coefficient_delv0floatCoefficient $\delta_v$ in the terminal velocity-size relation for rain in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
rain_snow_velocity_dispersion_coefficient0.2floatVelocity dispersion coefficient for rain and snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
cloud_liquid_sedimentation_number_concentration5.0e8floatNumber concentration of cloud liquid particles for sedimentation (m⁻³).
cloud_ice_sedimentation_number_concentration100000.0floatNumber concentration of cloud ice particles for sedimentation (m⁻³).
cloud_ice_number_temperature_fit_prefactor1000.0floatPrefactor N_ref of the temperature-dependent cloud ice number concentration (m⁻³). Converts the fit from per liter to per m³. Meyers et.al. 1992 doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031⟨0708:Npinpi⟩2.0.Co;2.
cloud_ice_number_temperature_fit_intercept-2.8floatIntercept a of the exponential temperature fit of the cloud ice number concentration (unitless). doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031⟨0708:Npinpi⟩2.0.Co;2.
cloud_ice_number_temperature_fit_slope0.262floatSlope b of the exponential temperature fit of the cloud ice number concentration (K⁻¹). Meyers et.al. 1992 doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031⟨0708:Npinpi⟩2.0.Co;2.
cloud_ice_number_max1.0e7floatUpper bound on the temperature-dependent cloud ice number concentration (m⁻³). Meyers et.al. 1992 doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031⟨0708:Npinpi⟩2.0.Co;2.
homogeneous_freezing_timescale1floatTimescale of the homogeneous freezing of cloud liquid droplets into ice (s).
Reisner_et_al_A_parameter0.66floatParameter $A$ for Bigg heterogeneous freezing of cloud droplets (K⁻¹). Source: Reisner et al. (1998), Eq. (A22), DOI: 10.1002/qj.49712454804.
Reisner_et_al_B_parameter100floatParameter $B$ for Bigg heterogeneous freezing of cloud droplets (m⁻³ s⁻¹). Source: Reisner et al. (1998), Eq. (A22), DOI: 10.1002/qj.49712454804.
cloud_ice_apparent_density500floatThe apparent density of cloud ice particles (kg m⁻³). Source: Lin et al. (2021), DOI: 10.1029/2020JD034157.
snow_apparent_density100floatThe apparent density of snow particles (kg m⁻³). Source: Lin et al. (2021), DOI: 10.1029/2020JD034157.
cloud_ice_specific_humidity_autoconversion_threshold1.0e-6floatSnow autoconversion threshold in terms of specific humidity for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_autoconversion_timescale100floatSnow autoconversion timescale for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (s).
snow_ventilation_coefficient_a0.65floatSnow ventilation coefficient $a$ for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_ventilation_coefficient_b0.44floatSnow ventilation coefficient $b$ for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_flake_size_distribution_coefficient_mu4.36e9floatSnow size distribution coefficient $\mu$ for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (m⁻⁴).
snow_flake_size_distribution_coefficient_nu0.63floatSnow size distribution coefficient $\nu$ for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_flake_length_scale0.001floatSnow particle length scale for the 1-moment microphysics scheme (m).
snow_mass_size_relation_coefficient_me2floatExponent $m_e$ in the mass-size relation for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_cross_section_size_relation_coefficient2floatExponent in the cross section-size relation for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_terminal_velocity_size_relation_coefficient0.25floatExponent in the terminal velocity-size relation for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_mass_size_relation_coefficient_chim1floatCoefficient $\chi_m$ in the mass-size relation for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_mass_size_relation_coefficient_delm0floatCoefficient $\delta_m$ in the mass-size relation for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_cross_section_size_relation_coefficient_chia1floatCoefficient $\chi_a$ in the cross section-size relation for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_cross_section_size_relation_coefficient_dela0floatCoefficient $\delta_a$ in the cross section-size relation for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_terminal_velocity_size_relation_coefficient_chiv1floatCoefficient $\chi_v$ in the terminal velocity-size relation for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_terminal_velocity_size_relation_coefficient_delv0floatCoefficient $\delta_v$ in the terminal velocity-size relation for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_aspect_ratio0.15floatAssumed aspect ratio for snow in the 1-moment microphysics scheme (unitless).
snow_aspect_ratio_coefficient0.3333333333333333floatPower law coefficient for terminal velocity dependence on snow aspect ratio (unitless). Source: Chen et al. (2022), DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
cloud_liquid_rain_collision_efficiency0.8floatCollision efficiency between cloud liquid water and rain for the 1-moment scheme (unitless).
cloud_liquid_snow_collision_efficiency0.1floatCollision efficiency between cloud liquid water and snow for the 1-moment scheme (unitless).
cloud_ice_rain_collision_efficiency1floatCollision efficiency between cloud ice and rain for the 1-moment scheme (unitless).
cloud_ice_snow_collision_efficiency0.1floatCollision efficiency between cloud ice and snow for the 1-moment scheme (unitless).
rain_snow_collision_efficiency1floatCollision efficiency between rain and snow for the 1-moment scheme (unitless).

Autoconversion and Accretion Schemes

NameValueTypeDescription
TC1980_autoconversion_coeff_D3268.0floatCoefficient $D$ in the Tripoli and Cotton (1980) rain autoconversion parameterization ($m^{3b} s^{-1}$). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
TC1980_autoconversion_coeff_a2.3333333333333335floatCoefficient $a$ (default 7/3) in the Tripoli and Cotton (1980) rain autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
TC1980_autoconversion_coeff_b-0.3333333333333333floatCoefficient $b$ (default -1/3) in the Tripoli and Cotton (1980) rain autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
TC1980_autoconversion_coeff_r_07.0e-6floatThreshold size $r_0$ in the Tripoli and Cotton (1980) rain autoconversion parameterization (m). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
TC1980_autoconversion_coeff_me_liq3.0floatMass-size relation exponent $m_e$ in the Tripoli and Cotton (1980) scheme (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
TC1980_accretion_coeff_A4.7floatCoefficient $A$ in the Tripoli and Cotton (1980) accretion parameterization (s⁻¹). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
B1994_autoconversion_coeff_C3.0e34floatCoefficient $C$ in the Beheng (1994) autoconversion parameterization ($m^{3(c+b-1)} s^{-1} kg^{-(b-1)}$). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
B1994_autoconversion_coeff_a-1.7floatCoefficient $a$ in the Beheng (1994) autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
B1994_autoconversion_coeff_b4.7floatCoefficient $b$ in the Beheng (1994) autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
B1994_autoconversion_coeff_c-3.3floatCoefficient $c$ in the Beheng (1994) autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
B1994_autoconversion_coeff_d_low3.9floatCoefficient $d_{low}$ in the Beheng (1994) autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
B1994_autoconversion_coeff_d_high9.9floatCoefficient $d_{high}$ in the Beheng (1994) autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
B1994_autoconversion_coeff_N_02.0e8floatCoefficient $N_0$ in the Beheng (1994) autoconversion parameterization (m⁻³). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
B1994_accretion_coeff_A6.0floatCoefficient $A$ in the Beheng (1994) accretion parameterization (s⁻¹). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
KK2000_autoconversion_coeff_A7.42e13floatCoefficient $A$ in the Khairoutdinov and Kogan (2000) autoconversion parameterization ($m^{3(b+c)} s^{-1} kg^{-c}$). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
KK2000_autoconversion_coeff_a2.47floatCoefficient $a$ in the Khairoutdinov and Kogan (2000) autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
KK2000_autoconversion_coeff_b-1.79floatCoefficient $b$ in the Khairoutdinov and Kogan (2000) autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
KK2000_autoconversion_coeff_c-1.47floatCoefficient $c$ in the Khairoutdinov and Kogan (2000) autoconversion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
KK2000_accretion_coeff_A67.0floatCoefficient $A$ in the Khairoutdinov and Kogan (2000) accretion parameterization ($m^{3b} kg^{-b} s^{-1}$). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
KK2000_accretion_coeff_a1.15floatCoefficient $a$ in the Khairoutdinov and Kogan (2000) accretion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
KK2000_accretion_coeff_b-1.3floatCoefficient $b$ in the Khairoutdinov and Kogan (2000) accretion parameterization (unitless). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
LD2004_R_6C_coeff7.5floatCoefficient in the Liu and Daum (2004) autoconversion parameterization ($\mu m^{3/2} kg^{1/6} m^{-1/2}$). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
LD2004_E_0_coeff1.08e10floatCoefficient $E_0$ in the Liu and Daum (2004) autoconversion parameterization ($m^3 kg^{-2} s^{-1}$). Source: Wood (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3530.1.
Variable_time_scale_autoconversion_coeff_alpha1.0floatExponent of number density in the function describing the autoconversion timescale (unitless).
threshold_smooth_transition_steepness10.0floatSteepness parameter for the smooth transition function used in threshold-based processes (unitless).

2-Moment Scheme (Seifert and Beheng, 2006)

NameValueTypeDescription
SB2006_collection_kernel_coeff_kcc4.44e9floatCloud-cloud collection kernel constant $k_{cc}$ in the Seifert and Beheng (2006) scheme ($m^3 kg^{-2} s^{-1}$). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_collection_kernel_coeff_kcr5.25floatCloud-rain collection kernel constant $k_{cr}$ in the Seifert and Beheng (2006) scheme ($m^3 kg^{-1} s^{-1}$). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_collection_kernel_coeff_krr7.12floatRain-rain collection kernel constant $k_{rr}$ in the Seifert and Beheng (2006) scheme ($m^3 kg^{-1} s^{-1}$). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_collection_kernel_coeff_kapparr60.7floatCollection kernel constant $\kappa_{rr}$ in the Seifert and Beheng (2006) scheme ($kg^{-1/3}$). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_cloud_droplets_min_mass4.2e-15floatMinimum mass of cloud droplets in the Seifert and Beheng (2006) scheme (kg). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_min_mass2.6e-10floatMinimum mass of raindrops in the Seifert and Beheng (2006) scheme (kg). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_max_mass5.0e-6floatMaximum mass of raindrops in the Seifert and Beheng (2006) scheme (kg). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_cloud_gamma_distribution_coeff_nu1.0floatGamma distribution coefficient $\nu$ for clouds (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_cloud_gamma_distribution_coeff_mu1floatGamma distribution coefficient $\mu$ for clouds (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_rain_distribution_coeff_nu-0.66666666666667floatGamma distribution coefficient $\nu$ for rain (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_rain_distribution_coeff_mu0.33333333333333floatGamma distribution coefficient $\mu$ for rain (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_reference_air_density1.225floatReference air density at surface conditions (kg m⁻³). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_autoconversion_correcting_function_coeff_A400.0floatCoefficient $A$ in the universal function correcting the autoconversion rate (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_autoconversion_correcting_function_coeff_a0.7floatCoefficient $a$ in the universal function correcting the autoconversion rate (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_autoconversion_correcting_function_coeff_b3floatCoefficient $b$ in the universal function correcting the autoconversion rate (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_accretion_correcting_function_coeff_tau05.0e-5floatCoefficient $\tau_0$ in the universal function correcting the accretion rate (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_accretion_correcting_function_coeff_c4floatCoefficient $c$ in the universal function correcting the accretion rate (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_self-collection_coeff_d-5floatCoefficient $d$ in the raindrops self-collection rate equation (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_equilibrium_mean_diameter0.0009floatEquilibrium mean diameter of raindrops for computing the breakup rate (m). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_breakup_mean_diameter_threshold0.00035floatThreshold of raindrops mean diameter for breakup (m). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_breakup_coeff_kbr1000floatCoefficient $k_{br}$ in the raindrops breakup rate equation (m⁻¹). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_breakup_coeff_kappabr2300floatCoefficient $\kappa_{br}$ in the raindrops breakup rate equation (m⁻¹). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_terminal_velocity_coeff_aR9.65floatCoefficient $a_R$ in the raindrops terminal velocity equation (m s⁻¹). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_terminal_velocity_coeff_bR10.3floatCoefficient $b_R$ in the raindrops terminal velocity equation (m s⁻¹). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_terminal_velocity_coeff_cR600floatCoefficient $c_R$ in the raindrops terminal velocity equation (m⁻¹). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_ventilation_factor_coeff_av0.78floatCoefficient $a_v$ in the ventilation factor equation for rain evaporation (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_ventilation_factor_coeff_bv0.308floatCoefficient $b_v$ in the ventilation factor equation for rain evaporation (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_rain_evaporation_coeff_alpha159floatCoefficient $\alpha$ in the fallspeed relation for rain evaporation (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_rain_evaporation_coeff_beta0.266floatCoefficient $\beta$ in the fallspeed relation for rain evaporation (unitless). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_size_distribution_coeff_N0_min250000.0floatMinimum value of the raindrops size distribution parameter $N_0$ (m⁻⁴). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_size_distribution_coeff_N0_max2.0e7floatMaximum value of the raindrops size distribution parameter $N_0$ (m⁻⁴). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_size_distribution_coeff_lambda_min1000.0floatMinimum value of the raindrops size distribution parameter $\lambda$ (m⁻¹). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
SB2006_raindrops_size_distribution_coeff_lambda_max10000.0floatMaximum value of the raindrops size distribution parameter $\lambda$ (m⁻¹). Source: Seifert and Beheng (2006), DOI: 10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4.
Horn2012_number_concentration_adjustment_timescale100floatTimescale for 2-moment number concentration adjustment (s). Source: Horn (2012), DOI: 10.5194/gmd-5-345-2012.

Terminal Velocities (Chen et al., 2022)

NameValueTypeDescription
Chen2022_table_B1_q_coeff0.115231floatCoefficient $q$ for raindrop terminal velocity parameterization (unitless). Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B1, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B1_ai[0.044612, -0.263166, 4.7178]floatCoefficients $a_i$ for raindrop terminal velocity parameterization ($mm^{-b_i}$). Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B1, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B1_a3_pow_coeff-0.47335floatPower coefficient for $a_3$ in raindrop terminal velocity parameterization (unitless). Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B1, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B1_bi[2.2955, 2.2955, 1.1451]floatCoefficients $b_i$ for raindrop terminal velocity parameterization (unitless). Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B1, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B1_b_rho_coeff0.038465floatDensity coefficient $b_{\rho}$ for raindrop terminal velocity parameterization (m³ kg⁻¹). Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B1, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B1_ci[0.0, 0.184325, 0.184325]floatCoefficients $c_i$ for raindrop terminal velocity parameterization (mm⁻¹). Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B1, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B3_As[-0.263503, 0.00174079, 0.0378769]floatCoefficients $A_s$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B3, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B3_Bs[0.575231, 0.0909307, 0.515579]floatCoefficients $B_s$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B3, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B3_Cs[-0.345387, 0.177362, -0.000427794, 0.00419647]floatCoefficients $C_s$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B3, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B3_Es[-0.156593, 0.0189334, 0.1377817]floatCoefficients $E_s$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B3, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B3_Fs[-3.35641, 0.0156199, 0.765337]floatCoefficients $F_s$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B3, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B3_Gs[-0.0309715, 1.55054, 0.518349]floatCoefficients $G_s$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B3, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B5_Al[-0.475897, -0.0023127, 1.12293]floatCoefficients $A_l$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B5, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B5_Bl[-2.56289, -0.00513504, 0.608459]floatCoefficients $B_l$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B5, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B5_Cl[-0.756064, 0.935922, -1.70952]floatCoefficients $C_l$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B5, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B5_El[0.00639847, 0.00906454, -0.108232]floatCoefficients $E_l$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B5, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B5_Fl[0.515453, -0.0725042, -1.8681e19]floatCoefficients $F_l$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B5, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B5_Gl[2.65236, 0.00158269, 259.935]floatCoefficients $G_l$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B5, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_table_B5_Hl[-0.346044, -7.17829e-11, -1.24394e20]floatCoefficients $H_l$ for ice terminal velocity parameterization. Source: Chen et al. (2022), Table B5, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.
Chen2022_ice_cutoff0.000625floatCutoff diameter between small and large ice particles in the Chen et al. (2022) parameterization (m). Source: Chen et al. (2022), DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106171.

Ice Deposition on Dust (Möhler et al., 2006)

NameValueTypeDescription
Mohler2006_maximum_allowed_Si1.35floatMaximum allowed supersaturation over ice, $S_{i,max}$ (unitless). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.
Mohler2006_threshold_T220floatThreshold temperature, $T_{thr}$, separating two deposition regimes (K). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.
Mohler2006_S0_warm_ArizonaTestDust1.03floatOnset saturation ratio $S_0$ for temperatures > $T_{thr}$ for Arizona Test Dust (unitless). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.
Mohler2006_S0_cold_ArizonaTestDust1.07floatOnset saturation ratio $S_0$ for temperatures < $T_{thr}$ for Arizona Test Dust (unitless). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.
Mohler2006_a_warm_ArizonaTestDust4.7floatCoefficient $a$ for temperatures > $T_{thr}$ for Arizona Test Dust (unitless). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.
Mohler2006_a_cold_ArizonaTestDust9.2floatCoefficient $a$ for temperatures < $T_{thr}$ for Arizona Test Dust (unitless). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.
Mohler2006_S0_warm_DesertDust1.17floatOnset saturation ratio $S_0$ for temperatures > $T_{thr}$ for Desert Dust (unitless). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.
Mohler2006_S0_cold_DesertDust1.03floatOnset saturation ratio $S_0$ for temperatures < $T_{thr}$ for Desert Dust (unitless). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.
Mohler2006_a_warm_DesertDust0.43floatCoefficient $a$ for temperatures > $T_{thr}$ for Desert Dust (unitless). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.
Mohler2006_a_cold_DesertDust2.35floatCoefficient $a$ for temperatures < $T_{thr}$ for Desert Dust (unitless). Source: Möhler et al. (2006), DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-3007-2006.

Water-Activity-Based Deposition Nucleation (ABDINM)

NameValueTypeDescription
J_ABDINM_m_Dust13.2251floatDefault empirical coefficient $m$ for the water-activity-based deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) parameterization for dust (unitless).
J_ABDINM_c_Dust0.7716floatDefault empirical coefficient $c$ for the water-activity-based deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) parameterization for dust (unitless).
J_ABDINM_m_Illite13.2251floatEmpirical coefficient $m$ for the deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) of Illite (unitless).
J_ABDINM_c_Illite0.7716floatEmpirical coefficient $c$ for the deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) of Illite (unitless).
J_ABDINM_m_SaharanDust13.2251floatEmpirical coefficient $m$ for the deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) of Saharan Dust (unitless).
J_ABDINM_c_SaharanDust0.7716floatEmpirical coefficient $c$ for the deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) of Saharan Dust (unitless).
J_ABDINM_m_AsianDust13.2251floatEmpirical coefficient $m$ for the deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) of Asian Dust (unitless).
J_ABDINM_c_AsianDust0.7716floatEmpirical coefficient $c$ for the deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) of Asian Dust (unitless).
J_ABDINM_m_ArizonaTestDust13.2251floatEmpirical coefficient $m$ for the deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) of Arizona Test Dust (unitless).
J_ABDINM_c_ArizonaTestDust0.7716floatEmpirical coefficient $c$ for the deposition nucleation rate ($J_{het}$) of Arizona Test Dust (unitless).
Alpert2022_J_deposition_m_Feldspar13.2251floatCoefficient $m$ for deposition nucleation rate $J_{het}$ of Feldspar (unitless). Source: Alpert et al. (2022), DOI: 10.1039/D1EA00077B.
Alpert2022_J_deposition_c_Feldspar0.7716floatCoefficient $c$ for deposition nucleation rate $J_{het}$ of Feldspar (unitless). Source: Alpert et al. (2022), DOI: 10.1039/D1EA00077B.
Alpert2022_J_deposition_m_Ferrihydrite12.3525floatCoefficient $m$ for deposition nucleation rate $J_{het}$ of Ferrihydrite (unitless). Source: Alpert et al. (2022), DOI: 10.1039/D1EA00077B.
Alpert2022_J_deposition_c_Ferrihydrite0.0516floatCoefficient $c$ for deposition nucleation rate $J_{het}$ of Ferrihydrite (unitless). Source: Alpert et al. (2022), DOI: 10.1039/D1EA00077B.
China2017_J_deposition_m_Kaolinite27.551floatCoefficient $m$ for deposition nucleation rate $J_{het}$ of Kaolinite (unitless). Source: China et al. (2017), DOI: 10.1002/2016JD025817.
China2017_J_deposition_c_Kaolinite-2.2209floatCoefficient $c$ for deposition nucleation rate $J_{het}$ of Kaolinite (unitless). Source: China et al. (2017), DOI: 10.1002/2016JD025817.

Water-Activity-Based Immersion Freezing (ABIFM)

NameValueTypeDescription
J_ABIFM_m_Dust22.62floatDefault empirical coefficient $m$ for the water-activity-based immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) parameterization for dust (unitless).
J_ABIFM_c_Dust-1.35floatDefault empirical coefficient $c$ for the water-activity-based immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) parameterization for dust (unitless).
J_ABIFM_m_ArizonaTestDust22.62floatEmpirical coefficient $m$ for the immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) of Arizona Test Dust (unitless).
J_ABIFM_c_ArizonaTestDust-1.35floatEmpirical coefficient $c$ for the immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) of Arizona Test Dust (unitless).
J_ABIFM_m_SaharanDust22.62floatEmpirical coefficient $m$ for the immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) of Saharan Dust (unitless).
J_ABIFM_c_SaharanDust-1.35floatEmpirical coefficient $c$ for the immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) of Saharan Dust (unitless).
J_ABIFM_m_AsianDust22.62floatEmpirical coefficient $m$ for the immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) of Asian Dust (unitless).
J_ABIFM_c_AsianDust-1.35floatEmpirical coefficient $c$ for the immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) of Asian Dust (unitless).
J_ABIFM_m_MiddleEasternDust22.62floatEmpirical coefficient $m$ for the immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) of Middle Eastern Dust (unitless).
J_ABIFM_c_MiddleEasternDust-1.35floatEmpirical coefficient $c$ for the immersion freezing rate ($J_{het}$) of Middle Eastern Dust (unitless).
AlpertKnopf2016_J_ABIFM_m_DesertDust22.62floatCoefficient $m$ for immersion freezing rate $J_{het}$ of Desert Dust (unitless). Source: Alpert and Knopf (2016), DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-2083-2016.
AlpertKnopf2016_J_ABIFM_c_DesertDust-1.35floatCoefficient $c$ for immersion freezing rate $J_{het}$ of Desert Dust (unitless). Source: Alpert and Knopf (2016), DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-2083-2016.
KnopfAlpert2013_J_ABIFM_m_Kaolinite54.58834floatCoefficient $m$ for immersion freezing rate $J_{het}$ of Kaolinite (unitless). Source: Knopf and Alpert (2013), DOI: 10.1039/C3FD00035D.
KnopfAlpert2013_J_ABIFM_c_Kaolinite-10.54758floatCoefficient $c$ for immersion freezing rate $J_{het}$ of Kaolinite (unitless). Source: Knopf and Alpert (2013), DOI: 10.1039/C3FD00035D.
KnopfAlpert2013_J_ABIFM_m_Illite54.48075floatCoefficient $m$ for immersion freezing rate $J_{het}$ of Illite (unitless). Source: Knopf and Alpert (2013), DOI: 10.1039/C3FD00035D.
KnopfAlpert2013_J_ABIFM_c_Illite-10.66873floatCoefficient $c$ for immersion freezing rate $J_{het}$ of Illite (unitless). Source: Knopf and Alpert (2013), DOI: 10.1039/C3FD00035D.

Temperature-Dependent Immersion Freezing

NameValueTypeDescription
Frostenberg2023_standard_deviation1.37floatStandard deviation of the log of the ice-nucleating particle concentration (unitless). Source: Frostenberg et al. (2023), Eq. (1), DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-10883-2023.
Frostenberg2023_a_coefficient1floatCoefficient $a$ for the ice-nucleating particle concentration (m³). Source: Frostenberg et al. (2023), Eq. (1), DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-10883-2023.
Frostenberg2023_b_coefficient1floatCoefficient $b$ for the ice-nucleating particle concentration (°C⁻¹). Source: Frostenberg et al. (2023), Eq. (1), DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-10883-2023.

Water-Activity-Based Homogeneous Freezing

NameValueTypeDescription
Koop2000_min_delta_aw0.26floatMinimum valid water activity difference $\Delta a_w$ for the Koop et al. (2000) homogeneous nucleation parameterization (unitless). Source: Koop et al. (2000), DOI: 10.1038/35020537.
Koop2000_max_delta_aw0.34floatMaximum valid water activity difference $\Delta a_w$ for the Koop et al. (2000) homogeneous nucleation parameterization (unitless). Source: Koop et al. (2000), DOI: 10.1038/35020537.
Koop2000_J_hom_coeff1-906.7floatCoefficient for calculating the homogeneous nucleation rate $J_{hom}$ (unitless). Source: Koop et al. (2000), DOI: 10.1038/35020537.
Koop2000_J_hom_coeff28502floatCoefficient for calculating the homogeneous nucleation rate $J_{hom}$ (unitless). Source: Koop et al. (2000), DOI: 10.1038/35020537.
Koop2000_J_hom_coeff326924floatCoefficient for calculating the homogeneous nucleation rate $J_{hom}$ (unitless). Source: Koop et al. (2000), DOI: 10.1038/35020537.
Koop2000_J_hom_coeff429180floatCoefficient for calculating the homogeneous nucleation rate $J_{hom}$ (unitless). Source: Koop et al. (2000), DOI: 10.1038/35020537.
Linear_J_hom_coeff1-68.5532830403637floatIntercept coefficient for a linear fit to the Koop et al. (2000) $J_{hom}$ parameterization (unitless). Source: Koop et al. (2000), DOI: 10.1038/35020537.
Linear_J_hom_coeff2255.9271249999972floatSlope coefficient for a linear fit to the Koop et al. (2000) $J_{hom}$ parameterization (unitless). Source: Koop et al. (2000), DOI: 10.1038/35020537.

H₂SO₄ Vapor Pressure (Luo et al., 1995)

NameValueTypeDescription
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_T_max235floatMaximum valid temperature for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (K). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_T_min185floatMinimum valid temperature for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (K). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_w_21.4408floatCoefficient for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (unitless). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_c123.306floatCoefficient $c_1$ for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (unitless). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_c25.3465floatCoefficient $c_2$ for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (unitless). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_c312floatCoefficient $c_3$ for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (unitless). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_c48.19floatCoefficient $c_4$ for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (unitless). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_c5-5814floatCoefficient $c_5$ for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (unitless). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_c6928.9floatCoefficient $c_6$ for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (unitless). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.
p_over_sulphuric_acid_solution_c71876.7floatCoefficient $c_7$ for the H₂SO₄ solution vapor pressure parameterization (unitless). Source: Luo et al. (1995), DOI: 10.1029/94GL02988.

P3 Scheme Ice Nucleation

NameValueTypeDescription
Thompson2004_c1_Cooper0.005floatCoefficient $c_1$ for calculating P3 deposition nucleation (unitless). Source: Thompson et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0519:EFOWPU>2.0.CO;2.
Thompson2004_c2_Cooper0.304floatCoefficient $c_2$ for calculating P3 deposition nucleation (unitless). Source: Thompson et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0519:EFOWPU>2.0.CO;2.
BarklieGokhale1959_a_parameter0.65floatMean of parameter $a$ for determining P3 heterogeneous freezing (K⁻¹). Source: Barklie and Gokhale (1959), see Pruppacher and Klett (1997), p. 350.
BarklieGokhale1959_B_parameter200floatParameter $B$ for rainwater, used to determine P3 heterogeneous freezing (m⁻³ s⁻¹). Source: Barklie and Gokhale (1959), see Pruppacher and Klett (1997), p. 350.

P3 Scheme Particle Properties

NameValueTypeDescription
BF1995_mass_exponent_beta1.9floatExponent $\beta_{va}$ in the power law for mass from vapor diffusion/aggregation in the P3 scheme (unitless). Source: Brown and Francis (1995); Morrison and Milbrandt (2015).
BF1995_mass_coeff_alpha7.38e-11floatCoefficient $\alpha_{va}$ in the power law for mass from vapor diffusion/aggregation in the P3 scheme ($g \mu m^{-\beta_{va}}$). See P3 scheme documentation to adjust units. Source: Brown and Francis (1995); Morrison and Milbrandt (2015).
M1996_area_exponent_sigma1.88floatExponent $\sigma$ in the power law for the projected area of various ice habits in the P3 scheme (unitless). Source: Mitchell (1996); Morrison and Milbrandt (2015).
M1996_area_coeff_gamma0.2285floatCoefficient $\gamma$ in the power law for the projected area of various ice habits in the P3 scheme ($m^{2-\sigma}$). Source: Mitchell (1996); Morrison and Milbrandt (2015).
Heymsfield_mu_coeff10.00191floatCoefficient for shape parameter $\mu$ for ice in the P3 scheme ($m^{0.8}$). Source: Morrison and Milbrandt (2015), Eq. (3).
Heymsfield_mu_coeff20.8floatCoefficient for shape parameter $\mu$ for ice in the P3 scheme (unitless). Source: Morrison and Milbrandt (2015), Eq. (3).
Heymsfield_mu_coeff32floatCoefficient for shape parameter $\mu$ for ice in the P3 scheme (unitless). Source: Morrison and Milbrandt (2015), Eq. (3).
Heymsfield_mu_cutoff6floatLimiter for shape parameter $\mu$ for ice in the P3 scheme (unitless). Source: Morrison and Milbrandt (2015), Eq. (3).
P3_constant_slope_parameterization_value3.0floatValue of $\mu$ for the constant slope parameterization in the P3 scheme (unitless).
CL1993_local_rime_density_constant_coeff51floatConstant coefficient for local rime density in the P3 scheme (kg m⁻³). Source: Cober and List (1993), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<1591:MOTHAM>2.0.CO;2.
CL1993_local_rime_density_linear_coeff114floatLinear coefficient for local rime density in the P3 scheme (kg m⁻³ (m² s⁻¹ °C⁻¹)⁻¹). Source: Cober and List (1993), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<1591:MOTHAM>2.0.CO;2.
CL1993_local_rime_density_quadratic_coeff-5.5floatQuadratic coefficient for local rime density in the P3 scheme (kg m⁻³ (m² s⁻¹ °C⁻¹)⁻²). Source: Cober and List (1993), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<1591:MOTHAM>2.0.CO;2.
P3_wet_growth_timescale100floatTimescale for densification due to wet growth in the P3 scheme (s).
P3_ice_nucleation_diameter2.0e-6floatDiameter of a newly nucleated ice particle in the P3 scheme (m). Sets the mass added to ice by deposition nucleation and the reference particle size for the ice number-adjustment bounds. Experimental (may change at any time).
P3_cooper_deposition_max_concentration100000.0floatMaximum ice number concentration target for deposition nucleation in the P3 scheme (m⁻³). Bounds the Cooper (1986) exponential-in-supercooling target from above. Experimental (may change at any time).
P3_cooper_deposition_temperature_threshold258.15floatTemperature above which deposition nucleation in the P3 scheme is inactive (K). Experimental (may change at any time).
P3_cooper_deposition_ice_supersaturation_threshold0.05floatIce supersaturation below which deposition nucleation in the P3 scheme is inactive (unitless). Experimental (may change at any time).
P3_cooper_deposition_prefactor5floatPrefactor $a$ in the Cooper (1986) exponential-in-supercooling target ice number concentration $N_t(T) = \min(a \exp(b (T_0 - T)), N_{max})$ for P3 deposition nucleation (m⁻³). Source: Thompson et al. (2004) form of Cooper (1986), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0519:EFOWPU>2.0.CO;2. Experimental (may change at any time).
P3_cooper_deposition_exponent_coefficient0.304floatExponent coefficient $b$ in the Cooper (1986) exponential-in-supercooling target ice number concentration $N_t(T) = \min(a \exp(b (T_0 - T)), N_{max})$ for P3 deposition nucleation (K⁻¹). Source: Thompson et al. (2004) form of Cooper (1986), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0519:EFOWPU>2.0.CO;2. Experimental (may change at any time).
P3_mu_smoothing_sharpness2.68floatCorner sharpness $\kappa$ of the smooth $0 \le \mu \le \mu_{max}$ limiters in the P3 SmoothSlopePowerLaw slope parameterization (unitless). Larger $\kappa$ approaches the clamped SlopePowerLaw; the default is set below the critical sharpness at which $\log(L/N)$ loses strict monotonicity in $\lambda$, with a safety margin, in both Float32 and Float64. The binding corner is the lower ($\mu = 0$) kink of unrimed ice. Experimental (may change at any time).
P3_ice_sticking_efficiency_cold0.001floatIce aggregation sticking efficiency at and below P3_ice_sticking_efficiency_T_cold in the P3 scheme (unitless). Collisions between cold ice crystals almost never result in sticking; without this factor the scheme collects every geometric encounter. Value from the P3 fortran implementation, adopted for consistency with it. Not documented in any published P3 papers. Experimental (may change at any time).
P3_ice_sticking_efficiency_warm0.3floatIce aggregation sticking efficiency at and above the freezing point in the P3 scheme (unitless), the warm end of a linear ramp from P3_ice_sticking_efficiency_cold. Value from the P3 fortran implementation, adopted for consistency with it. Not documented in any published P3 papers. Experimental (may change at any time).
P3_ice_sticking_efficiency_T_cold253.15floatTemperature at and below which the ice aggregation sticking efficiency in the P3 scheme saturates at P3_ice_sticking_efficiency_cold (K); between here and the freezing point the efficiency ramps linearly. Value from the P3 fortran implementation, adopted for consistency with it. Not documented in any published P3 papers. Experimental (may change at any time).
P3_ice_collection_rime_shutoff_start0.6floatRime mass fraction at and below which ice self-collection in the P3 scheme is unreduced (unitless). Above it the collection efficiency falls linearly to zero at P3_ice_collection_rime_shutoff_end, because heavily rimed ice is smooth and dense and does not aggregate. Value from the P3 fortran implementation, adopted for consistency with it. Not documented in any published P3 papers. Experimental (may change at any time).
P3_ice_collection_rime_shutoff_end0.9floatRime mass fraction at and above which ice self-collection in the P3 scheme is shut off entirely (unitless). Value from the P3 fortran implementation, adopted for consistency with it. Not documented in any published P3 papers. Experimental (may change at any time).
P3_ice_number_adjustment_timescale100floatTimescale for the ice number-concentration adjustment toward the bounds on mean ice particle mass in the P3 scheme (s). Independent of Horn2012_number_concentration_adjustment_timescale, the equivalent warm-phase key. Experimental (may change at any time).

Fixed Terminal Velocities

NameValueTypeDescription
fixed_cloud_liquid_terminal_velocity0.01floatFixed terminal velocity of cloud liquid (m s⁻¹).
fixed_cloud_ice_terminal_velocity0.01floatFixed terminal velocity of cloud ice (m s⁻¹).
fixed_rain_terminal_velocity5.0floatFixed terminal velocity of rain (m s⁻¹).
fixed_snow_terminal_velocity1.0floatFixed terminal velocity of snow (m s⁻¹).

Aerosols

Aerosol Activation

NameValueTypeDescription
seasalt_aerosol_molar_mass0.058443floatMolar mass of sea salt aerosol (kg mol⁻¹).
seasalt_aerosol_density2170floatDensity of sea salt aerosol (kg m⁻³).
seasalt_aerosol_osmotic_coefficient0.9floatOsmotic coefficient of sea salt aerosol (unitless).
seasalt_aerosol_ion_number2floatNumber of ions that sea salt dissociates into when dissolved in water (unitless).
seasalt_aerosol_water_soluble_mass_fraction1floatMass fraction of water-soluble material for sea salt aerosol (unitless).
seasalt_aerosol_kappa1.12floatHygroscopicity parameter $\kappa$ for sea salt aerosol (unitless). Source: Petters and Kreidenweis (2007), DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007.
MERRA2_seasalt_aerosol_bin01_radius7.9e-8floatDry particle radius for sea salt aerosol in bin 01 of the MERRA-2 dataset (m). Source: Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (2015), DOI: 10.5067/LTVB4GPCOTK2.
MERRA2_seasalt_aerosol_bin02_radius3.16e-7floatDry particle radius for sea salt aerosol in bin 02 of the MERRA-2 dataset (m). Source: Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (2015), DOI: 10.5067/LTVB4GPCOTK2.
MERRA2_seasalt_aerosol_bin03_radius1.119e-6floatDry particle radius for sea salt aerosol in bin 03 of the MERRA-2 dataset (m). Source: Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (2015), DOI: 10.5067/LTVB4GPCOTK2.
MERRA2_seasalt_aerosol_bin04_radius2.818e-6floatDry particle radius for sea salt aerosol in bin 04 of the MERRA-2 dataset (m). Source: Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (2015), DOI: 10.5067/LTVB4GPCOTK2.
MERRA2_seasalt_aerosol_bin05_radius7.772e-6floatDry particle radius for sea salt aerosol in bin 05 of the MERRA-2 dataset (m). Source: Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (2015), DOI: 10.5067/LTVB4GPCOTK2.
sulfate_aerosol_molar_mass0.132floatMolar mass of sulfate aerosol (kg mol⁻¹).
sulfate_aerosol_density1770floatDensity of sulfate aerosol (kg m⁻³).
sulfate_aerosol_osmotic_coefficient1floatOsmotic coefficient of sulfate aerosol (unitless).
sulfate_aerosol_ion_number3floatNumber of ions that sulfate dissociates into when dissolved in water (unitless).
sulfate_aerosol_water_soluble_mass_fraction1floatMass fraction of water-soluble material for sulfate aerosol (unitless).
sulfate_aerosol_kappa0.53floatHygroscopicity parameter $\kappa$ for sulfate aerosol (unitless). Source: Petters and Kreidenweis (2007), DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007.
MERRA2_sulfate_aerosol_radius3.5e-7floatDry particle radius for sulfate aerosol in the MERRA-2 dataset (m). Source: Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (2015), DOI: 10.5067/LTVB4GPCOTK2.
ARG2000_f_coeff_10.5floatScaling coefficient for an empirical function in the aerosol activation parameterization (unitless). Source: Abdul-Razzak and Ghan (2000), DOI: 10.1029/1999JD901161.
ARG2000_f_coeff_22.5floatScaling coefficient for an empirical function in the aerosol activation parameterization (unitless). Source: Abdul-Razzak and Ghan (2000), DOI: 10.1029/1999JD901161.
ARG2000_g_coeff_11.0floatScaling coefficient for an empirical function in the aerosol activation parameterization (unitless). Source: Abdul-Razzak and Ghan (2000), DOI: 10.1029/1999JD901161.
ARG2000_g_coeff_20.25floatScaling coefficient for an empirical function in the aerosol activation parameterization (unitless). Source: Abdul-Razzak and Ghan (2000), DOI: 10.1029/1999JD901161.
ARG2000_pow_11.5floatExponent for the term $\zeta / \eta$ in an empirical function in the aerosol activation parameterization (unitless). Source: Abdul-Razzak and Ghan (2000), DOI: 10.1029/1999JD901161.
ARG2000_pow_20.75floatExponent for the term $S_m^2 / (\zeta + 3 \eta)$ in an empirical function in the aerosol activation parameterization (unitless). Source: Abdul-Razzak and Ghan (2000), DOI: 10.1029/1999JD901161.

Sea Salt Aerosol Emission

NameValueTypeDescription
ssa_residence47520.0floatAverage residence time (s) of sea salt aerosol mass in the AeroCOM3 ensemble. Source: Gliss et al. (2021), DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-87-2021.
ssa_size_bin_divisions[3.0e-8, 1.0e-7, 5.0e-7, …] (6 entries)floatDouble-sided sea salt aerosol dry-radius bin edges (m) from the five-bin MERRA-2 scheme, ascending, i.e. bin1 (0.03e-6, 0.1e-6), bin2 (0.1e-6, 0.5e-6).
ssa_r_ref1.0e-6floatSea salt aerosol reference radius (m) used to non-dimensionalize the Gong parameterization.
ssa_u_ref1.0floatReference wind speed (m s⁻¹) used to non-dimensionalize the Gong parameterization.
ssa_r80_per_dry2.0floatRatio of the sea salt aerosol radius at 80% relative humidity to the dry radius (unitless). Source: Lewis and Schwartz (2004).
ssa_gong_wind_exponent3.41floatExponent on the 10 m wind speed in the Gong source function (unitless). Source: Gong (2003), DOI: 10.1029/2003GB002079.
ssa_gong_logfit_mode1[0.2157, 0.05545, 17.02]floatLognormal mode #1 parameters: flux scale ($F$) (m⁻² s⁻¹), dry mode radius ($r$) (μm), and lognormal standard deviation ($\sigma_g$) (unitless), fit to the Gong (2003) spectrum at $u_{10}$ = ssa_u_ref.
ssa_gong_logfit_mode2[60.93, 0.0914, 1.813]floatLognormal mode #2 parameters: flux scale ($F$) (m⁻² s⁻¹), dry mode radius ($r$) (μm), and lognormal standard deviation ($\sigma_g$) (unitless), fit to the Gong (2003) spectrum at $u_{10}$ = ssa_u_ref.
ssa_gong_logfit_mode3[5.949, 0.776, 1.759]floatLognormal mode #3 parameters: flux scale ($F$) (m⁻² s⁻¹), dry mode radius ($r$) (μm), and lognormal standard deviation ($\sigma_g$) (unitless), fit to the Gong (2003) spectrum at $u_{10}$ = ssa_u_ref.
ssa_gong_logfit_bin_0M_flux[48.37, 41.92, 5.903, …] (5 entries)floatPer-bin number flux scale (m⁻² s⁻¹) of the lognormal fit to the Gong (2003) spectrum at $u_{10}$ = ssa_u_ref. Precomputed offline in ClimaAtmos.jl/docs/sea_salt_emission_fit.jl.
ssa_gong_logfit_bin_3M_flux[1.589e-16, 3.575e-15, 4.557e-14, …] (5 entries)floatPer-bin dry-mass flux scale (kg m⁻² s⁻¹) of the lognormal fit to the Gong (2003) spectrum at $u_{10}$ = ssa_u_ref. Precomputed offline in ClimaAtmos.jl/docs/sea_salt_emission_fit.jl.
NameValueTypeDescription
mam3_stdev_coarse1.8floatGeometric standard deviation for the coarse mode in the MAM3 scheme (unitless). Source: Liu et al. (2012), DOI: 10.5194/gmd-5-709-2012.
mam3_stdev_accum1.8floatGeometric standard deviation for the accumulation mode in the MAM3 scheme (unitless). Source: Liu et al. (2012), DOI: 10.5194/gmd-5-709-2012.
mam3_stdev_ait1.6floatGeometric standard deviation for the Aitken mode in the MAM3 scheme (unitless). Source: Liu et al. (2012), DOI: 10.5194/gmd-5-709-2012.

Nucleation Constants (MAM3, Dunne et al., 2016)

NameValueTypeDescription
mam3_nucleation_p_b_n_neutral3.95451floatEmpirical coefficient $p_{b,n}$ for neutral pure binary (H₂SO₄-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] is in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_p_b_i_ion_induced3.373738floatEmpirical coefficient $p_{b,i}$ for ion-induced pure binary (H₂SO₄-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] is in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and negative ion concentration $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_u_b_n_neutral9.702973floatEmpirical coefficient $u_{b,n}$ for neutral pure binary (H₂SO₄-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] is in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_u_b_i_ion_induced-11.48166floatEmpirical coefficient $u_{b,i}$ for ion-induced pure binary (H₂SO₄-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] is in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and negative ion concentration $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_v_b_n_neutral12.62259floatEmpirical coefficient $v_{b,n}$ for neutral pure binary (H₂SO₄-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] is in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_v_b_i_ion_induced25.49469floatEmpirical coefficient $v_{b,i}$ for ion-induced pure binary (H₂SO₄-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] is in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and negative ion concentration $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_w_b_n_neutral-0.007066146floatEmpirical coefficient $w_{b,n}$ for neutral pure binary (H₂SO₄-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] is in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_w_b_i_ion_induced0.1810722floatEmpirical coefficient $w_{b,i}$ for ion-induced pure binary (H₂SO₄-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] is in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and negative ion concentration $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_p_t_n_neutral2.891024floatEmpirical coefficient $p_{t,n}$ for neutral pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] and [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_p_t_i_ion_induced3.138719floatEmpirical coefficient $p_{t,i}$ for ion-induced pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄], [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_u_t_n_neutral182.4495floatEmpirical coefficient $u_{t,n}$ for neutral pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] and [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_u_t_i_ion_induced-23.8002floatEmpirical coefficient $u_{t,i}$ for ion-induced pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄], [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_v_t_n_neutral1.203451floatEmpirical coefficient $v_{t,n}$ for neutral pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] and [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_v_t_i_ion_induced37.03029floatEmpirical coefficient $v_{t,i}$ for ion-induced pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄], [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_w_t_n_neutral-4.188065floatEmpirical coefficient $w_{t,n}$ for neutral pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] and [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_w_t_i_ion_induced0.227413floatEmpirical coefficient $w_{t,i}$ for ion-induced pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄], [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_p_A_n_neutral8.003471floatEmpirical coefficient $p_{A,n}$ for neutral pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] and [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_p_A_i_ion_induced3.071246floatEmpirical coefficient $p_{A,i}$ for ion-induced pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄], [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_a_n_neutral1.5703478e-6floatEmpirical coefficient $a_n$ for neutral pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄] and [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_a_i_ion_induced0.0048314floatEmpirical coefficient $a_i$ for ion-induced pure ternary (H₂SO₄-NH₃-H₂O) nucleation (unitless). Assumes [H₂SO₄], [NH₃] are in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and $[n^-]$ is in cm⁻³. Source: Dunne et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2649.
mam3_nucleation_a_1_neutral0.0400097floatEmpirical coefficient $a_{1,n}$ for neutral pure organic nucleation (unitless). Assumes [HOM] is in 10⁷ cm⁻³ and other concentrations have units (TODO). Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_a_2_neutral1.84826floatEmpirical coefficient $a_{2,n}$ for neutral pure organic nucleation (unitless). Assumes [HOM] is in 10⁷ cm⁻³ and other concentrations have units (TODO). Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_a_3_ion_induced0.00136641floatEmpirical coefficient $a_{3,i}$ for ion-induced pure organic nucleation (unitless). Assumes [HOM] is in 10⁷ cm⁻³, $[n^-]$ in cm⁻³, and other concentrations have units (TODO). Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_a_4_ion_induced1.56588floatEmpirical coefficient $a_{4,i}$ for ion-induced pure organic nucleation (unitless). Assumes [HOM] is in 10⁷ cm⁻³, $[n^-]$ in cm⁻³, and other concentrations have units (TODO). Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_a_50.186303floatEmpirical coefficient $a_5$ for pure organic nucleation (unitless). Assumes [HOM] is in 10⁷ cm⁻³ and other concentrations have units (TODO). Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_Y_MTO3_percent0.029floatMolar yield of highly oxygenated molecules (HOM) from monoterpene (MT) oxidation by O₃ for pure organic nucleation (%). Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_Y_MTOH_percent0.012floatMolar yield of highly oxygenated molecules (HOM) from monoterpene (MT) oxidation by OH for pure organic nucleation (%). Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_k_MTO3_organic_factor8.05e-16floatFactor for temperature-dependent rate of MT oxidation by O₃ for pure organic nucleation. Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_k_MTOH_organic_factor1.2e-11floatFactor for temperature-dependent rate of MT oxidation by OH for pure organic nucleation. Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_exp_MTO3_organic_factor-640floatExponent for temperature-dependent rate of MT oxidation by O₃ for pure organic nucleation. Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_exp_MTOH_organic_factor440floatExponent for temperature-dependent rate of MT oxidation by OH for pure organic nucleation. Source: Kirkby et al. (2016), DOI: 10.1038/nature17953.
mam3_nucleation_k_H2SO4_mixed_organic_sulfuric_acid_factor3.27e-21floatTemperature-dependent factor for mixed organic-sulfuric acid nucleation. Assumes [H₂SO₄] is in 10⁶ cm⁻³ and [BioOxOrg] is in cm⁻³. Source: Riccobono et al. (2014), DOI: 10.1126/science.1243527.

Machine-Learned Cloud Droplet Number Concentration

NameValueTypeDescription
dust_calibration_coefficient0floatCalibration coefficient for dust aerosol in the data-driven cloud droplet number concentration function (unitless).
seasalt_calibration_coefficient0floatCalibration coefficient for sea salt aerosol in the data-driven cloud droplet number concentration function (unitless).
ammonium_sulfate_calibration_coefficient0floatCalibration coefficient for ammonium sulfate aerosol in the data-driven cloud droplet number concentration function (unitless).
liquid_water_specific_humidity_calibration_coefficient0floatCalibration coefficient for liquid water specific humidity in the data-driven cloud droplet number concentration function (unitless).
reference_dust_aerosol_mass_concentration1.0e-8floatNormalization factor for dust aerosol mass concentration in the data-driven CDNC function (kg kg⁻¹).
reference_seasalt_aerosol_mass_concentration1.0e-8floatNormalization factor for sea salt aerosol mass concentration in the data-driven CDNC function (kg kg⁻¹).
reference_ammonium_sulfate_mass_concentration1.0e-8floatNormalization factor for ammonium sulfate mass concentration in the data-driven CDNC function (kg kg⁻¹).
reference_liquid_water_specific_humidity1.0e-6floatNormalization factor for cloud liquid water specific humidity in the data-driven CDNC function (kg kg⁻¹).

Radiation

NameValueTypeDescription
idealized_ocean_albedo0.38floatOcean surface albedo for idealized simulations (unitless). Source: O'Gorman and Schneider (2008).
water_refractive_index1.34floatRelative refractive index of water and air for broadband ocean surface albedo calculation (unitless). Source: Jin et al. (2011).
optics_lookup_temperature_min160floatMinimum temperature in the lookup table for optical properties in RRTMGP (K).
optics_lookup_temperature_max355floatMaximum temperature in the lookup table for optical properties in RRTMGP (K).
CO2_fixed_value0.000397547floatGlobal mean mole fraction to fix carbon dioxide (CO₂) when using a fixed CO₂ model. Taken from the first value of 'carbon_dioxide_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
N2O_fixed_value3.2699e-7floatGlobal mean mole fraction of nitrous oxide (N₂O). Taken from the first value of 'nitrous_oxide_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
CO_fixed_value1.2e-7floatGlobal mean mole fraction of carbon monoxide (CO). Taken from the first value of 'carbon_monoxide_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
CH4_fixed_value1.8315e-6floatGlobal mean mole fraction of methane (CH₄). Taken from the first value of 'methane_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
O2_fixed_value0.209floatGlobal mean mole fraction of oxygen (O₂). Taken from the first value of 'oxygen_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
N2_fixed_value0.781floatGlobal mean mole fraction of nitrogen (N₂). Taken from the first value of 'nitrogen_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
CCL4_fixed_value8.307e-11floatGlobal mean mole fraction of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). Taken from the first value of 'carbon_tetrachloride_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
CFC11_fixed_value2.3308e-10floatGlobal mean mole fraction of chlorofluorocarbon CFC11. Taken from the first value of 'cfc11_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
CFC12_fixed_value5.2058e-10floatGlobal mean mole fraction of chlorofluorocarbon CFC12. Taken from the first value of 'cfc12_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
CFC22_fixed_value2.2954e-10floatGlobal mean mole fraction of hydrochlorofluorocarbon CFC22. Taken from the first value of 'hcfc22_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
HFC143A_fixed_value1.5253e-11floatGlobal mean mole fraction of hydrofluorocarbon HFC143A. Taken from the first value of 'hfc143a_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
HFC125_fixed_value1.5355e-11floatGlobal mean mole fraction of hydrofluorocarbon HFC125. Taken from the first value of 'hfc125_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
HFC23_fixed_value2.689e-11floatGlobal mean mole fraction of hydrofluorocarbon HFC23. Taken from the first value of 'hfc23_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
HFC32_fixed_value8.337e-12floatGlobal mean mole fraction of hydrofluorocarbon HFC32. Taken from the first value of 'hfc32_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
HFC134A_fixed_value8.0516e-11floatGlobal mean mole fraction of hydrofluorocarbon HFC134A. Taken from the first value of 'hfc134a_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
CF4_fixed_value8.1092e-11floatGlobal mean mole fraction of carbon tetrafluoride (CF₄). Taken from the first value of 'cf4_GM' in RRTMGP (mol mol⁻¹).
NO2_fixed_value0floatGlobal mean mole fraction of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) (mol mol⁻¹).

Gravity Waves

Orographic (OGW)

NameValueTypeDescription
ogw_mountain_height_width_exponent0.4floatMountain height-width exponent $\gamma$ in $L \propto h^\gamma$ (unitless); the paper suggests $\gamma \approx 0.4$. Source: Garner (2005), Eq. (14), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3496.1.
ogw_number_density_exponent0.0floatNumber density exponent $\epsilon$, where the number density of orography in a grid cell is $n(h) \propto h^{-\epsilon}$ (unitless). Source: Garner (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3496.1.
ogw_mountain_shape_parameter0.5floatMountain shape parameter $\beta$ (unitless) in $L(z) = L_b (1 - z/h)^\beta$: $\beta = 1$ for triangular mountains, $\beta < 1$ for blunt mountains, and $\beta > 1$ for pointy mountains. Source: Garner (2005), Eq. (12), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3496.1.
ogw_critical_height_threshold0.1floatFractional height threshold $h_\text{frac}$ in $h_\text{crit} = h_\text{frac} (V / N)$, demarcating the split between propagating and non-propagating orographic gravity waves (unitless). Source: Garner (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3496.1.
ogw_density_scale_factor1.2floatDensity scale factor $\rho_\text{scale}$. Source: Garner (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3496.1.
ogw_reference_mountain_width80000.0floatReference mountain width $L_0$ (m). Source: Garner (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3496.1.
ogw_linear_drag_coefficient0.9floatLinear drag coefficient $a_0$ (unitless). Source: Garner (2005), Eq. (13), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3496.1.
ogw_nonlinear_drag_coefficient3.0floatNonlinear drag coefficient $a_1$ (unitless). Source: Garner (2005), Eq. (13), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3496.1.
ogw_critical_froude_number0.7floatCritical Froude number $Fr_\text{crit}$, computed from the critical height threshold (unitless). Source: Garner (2005), DOI: 10.1175/JAS3496.1.
ogw_smoothing_scale_fraction0.15floatOrographic gravity wave (raw_topo) preprocessing smoothing scale as a fraction of grid spacing: L = α·Δx. Sets the neighborhood over which subgrid mountain statistics (hmax and velocity potential χ / orographic tensor) are computed from raw topography, following Garner (2005) / GFDL topo_drag. α≈1 places L near the grid scale.

Non-Orographic (NOGW)

NameValueTypeDescription
nogw_source_pressure31500.0floatSource level pressure (Pa). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_damp_pressure85.0floatDamping level pressure (Pa). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_source_height15000.0floatSource level height (m). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_Bw0.4floatWestward wave spectral amplitude (m² s⁻²). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_Bn0.0floatNorthward wave spectral amplitude (m² s⁻²). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_dc0.8floatPhase speed resolution (m s⁻¹). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_cmax100.0floatMaximum phase speed (m s⁻¹). The phase-speed grid is $c[n] = (n-1)\,\Delta c - c_\text{max}$, so an exact $c = 0$ bin exists only when nogw_cmax divided by nogw_dc is an integer; this is required for the Beres steady ($\nu = 0$) convective source, which deposits there and silently no-ops otherwise. The default, 100.0 / 0.8 = 125, gives a $c = 0$ bin. Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_c00.0floatReference phase speed (m s⁻¹). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_nk1.0floatNumber of wave bands (unitless). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_cw35.0floatWestward phase speed half-width (m s⁻¹). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_cw_tropics35.0floatTropical westward phase speed half-width (m s⁻¹). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_cn2.0floatNorthward phase speed half-width (m s⁻¹). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_Bt_00.0043floatBase total source momentum flux (Pa). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_Bt_n0.0floatNorthern hemisphere total momentum flux amplitude (Pa). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_Bt_s0.0floatSouthern hemisphere total momentum flux amplitude (Pa). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_Bt_eq0.0043floatEquatorial total momentum flux amplitude (Pa). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_phi0_n15.0floatNorthern hemisphere latitude center (degrees). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_phi0_s-15.0floatSouthern hemisphere latitude center (degrees). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_dphi_n10.0floatNorthern hemisphere latitude width (degrees). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_dphi_s-10.0floatSouthern hemisphere latitude width (degrees). Source: Alexander and Dunkerton (1999), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4167:ASPOMF>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_Q0_threshold1.0e-5floatMinimum convective heating rate to activate the Beres et al. (2004) convective gravity-wave source (K s⁻¹, ~1 K day⁻¹ = 1e-5). Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOSTG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_scale_factor2.0e-6floatAmplitude scaling for the Beres convective momentum flux (unitless); folds the rho_0/(L*tau) prefactor, the |Q_t|^2 weight, and empirical tuning into one parameter. Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_sigma_x4000.0floatConvective cell horizontal half-width (m) in the Beres source spectrum (Eq. 7). Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_nu_min0.0008727floatMinimum angular frequency for the Beres frequency integration (rad s⁻¹, period ~120 min). Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_nu_max0.01047floatMaximum angular frequency for the Beres frequency integration (rad s⁻¹, period ~10 min). Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_n_nu9integerNumber of quadrature points for the Beres frequency integration (unitless; must be 4k+1: 5, 9, 13, ... for composite Boole's rule). Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_h_heat_min1000.0floatMinimum heating depth (m) to activate the Beres source; filters out shallow convection. Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_n_h_avg1integerNumber of heating depths h over which to average the Beres spectrum (unitless; 1 = no averaging, >=3 smooths the resonance peak, see Fig. 4 of the source). Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_delta_h_frac0.1floatFractional half-range for Beres $h$ averaging, $h \pm$ nogw_beres_delta_h_frac $\cdot h$ (unitless); only used when nogw_beres_n_h_avg > 1. Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_z_bot_Q_threshold1.157e-5floatMinimum Q_conv to count as the bottom of the Beres convective heating envelope (K s⁻¹, ~1 K day⁻¹ = 1.157e-5). Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_z_bot_floor2000.0floatMinimum allowed Beres convective envelope bottom (m); excludes the PBL-turbulence signal in Q_conv. Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_steady_dc_frac1.0floatSteady Beres DC heating weight (unitless) in $Q_t(0)^2 =$ nogw_beres_steady_dc_frac $\cdot \nu_\text{min}$; scales the steady-vs-transient amplitude. Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.
nogw_beres_L_system1.0e6floatLargest convective-system scale (m) setting k_min = 2*pi/L in the even-folded horizontal constant H of the steady Beres source (steady/transient ratio depends on it only logarithmically). Source: Beres et al. (2004), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOICG>2.0.CO;2.

Diffusion

NameValueTypeDescription
c_smag0.2floatSmagorinsky coefficient (unitless).
D_horizontal_diffusion500000.0floatConstant horizontal diffusion (m² s⁻¹).
tracer_hyperdiffusion_factor0floatScaling factor for hyperdiffusion of tracers with strong gradients, e.g., precipitation (unitless).
C_E0.0044floatCoefficient used in the simple vertical diffusion scheme ($C_E$) (unitless).
C_H0.0044floatBulk transfer coefficient for sensible heat ($C_H$) (unitless).
D_0_diffusion5floatCoefficient $D_0$ in the DecayWithHeightDiffusion vertical diffusion scheme (m² s⁻¹).
H_diffusion8000floatHeight scale $H$ in the DecayWithHeightDiffusion vertical diffusion scheme (m).
tracer_vertical_diffusion_factor1floatScaling factor for vertical diffusion of tracers with strong gradients, e.g., precipitation (unitless).

Rayleigh Damping

NameValueTypeDescription
alpha_rayleigh_w1.0floatCoefficient $\alpha_w$ for Rayleigh damping on vertical velocity (s⁻¹).
alpha_rayleigh_uh0.0floatCoefficient $\alpha_{uh}$ for Rayleigh damping on horizontal velocity (s⁻¹).
alpha_rayleigh_tracer0.0floatCoefficient $\alpha_{tracer}$ for Rayleigh damping on tracer fields (s⁻¹).
zd_rayleigh15000.0floatHeight at which Rayleigh damping begins in the sponge layer ($z_d$) (m).
zd_viscous15000.0floatHeight at which viscous damping begins in the sponge layer (m).
kappa_2_sponge1.0e6floatViscous sponge coefficient ($\kappa_2$) (m² s⁻¹).

Land

Autotrophic Respiration

NameValueTypeDescription
N_factor_Vcmax250.0008floatFactor converting Vcmax at 25°C to nitrogen content (mol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ kgC (kgC)⁻¹).
live_stem_wood_coeff0.01floatLive stem wood coefficient (kg C m⁻³).
specific_leaf_density0.05floatSpecific leaf density (kg C m⁻² leaf).
root_leaf_nitrogen_ratio1.0floatRatio of root nitrogen to top leaf nitrogen (unitless).
stem_leaf_nitrogen_ratio0.1floatRatio of stem nitrogen to top leaf nitrogen (unitless).
relative_contribution_factor0.25floatFactor of relative contribution for growth respiration, Rgrowth (unitless).

Farquhar Photosynthesis Model

NameValueTypeDescription
CO2_compensation_point_25c4.275e-5floatCO₂ compensation point ($\Gamma^*$) at 25°C (mol mol⁻¹). Source: Bernacchi et al. (2001).
CO2_michaelis_menten0.0004049floatMichaelis-Menten parameter for CO₂ at 25°C (mol mol⁻¹). Source: Bernacchi et al. (2001).
O2_michaelis_menten0.2784floatMichaelis-Menten parameter for O₂ at 25°C (mol mol⁻¹). Source: Bernacchi et al. (2001).
CO2_activation_energy79430.0floatEnergy of activation for CO₂ (J mol⁻¹). Source: Bonan (2019), Table 11.2; Bernacchi et al. (2001, 2003).
O2_activation_energy36380.0floatEnergy of activation for oxygen (J mol⁻¹). Source: Bonan (2019), Table 11.2; Bernacchi et al. (2001, 2003).
Vcmax_activation_energy65330.0floatEnergy of activation for Vcmax (J mol⁻¹). Source: Bonan (2019), Table 11.2; Bernacchi et al. (2001, 2003).
Γstar_activation_energy37830.0floatEnergy of activation for $\Gamma^*$ (J mol⁻¹). Source: Bonan (2019), Table 11.2; Bernacchi et al. (2001, 2003).
Jmax_activation_energy43540.0floatEnergy of activation for Jmax (J mol⁻¹). Source: Bonan (2019), Table 11.2; Bernacchi et al. (2001, 2003).
Rd_activation_energy46390.0floatEnergy of activation for dark respiration, Rd (J mol⁻¹). Source: Bonan (2019), Table 11.2; Bernacchi et al. (2001, 2003).
kelvin_25C298.15floatReference temperature equal to 25°C (K).
intercellular_O2_concentration0.209floatIntercellular O₂ concentration, assumed constant (mol mol⁻¹).
photosystem_II_quantum_yield0.7floatQuantum yield of photosystem II (unitless). Source: Bonan (2019); Bernacchi et al. (2003).
Farquhar_curvature_parameter0.9floatCurvature parameter for calculating $J$, a fitting constant (unitless). Source: von Caemmerer (2000, 2013); Bernacchi et al. (2003, 2013); von Caemmerer et al. (2009).
dark_respiration_factor0.015floatConstant factor appearing in the dark respiration term (unitless). Source: Bonan (2019).
low_water_pressure_sensitivity5.0e-6floatSensitivity of stomatal conductance to low water pressure (Pa⁻¹).
moisture_stress_ref_water_pressure-2.0e6floatReference water pressure for the moisture stress factor (Pa). Source: Tuzet et al. (2003).
electron_transport_maintenance0.05336251floatConstant describing the cost of maintaining electron transport (unitless).

Soil CO₂ Model

NameValueTypeDescription
kg_C_to_mol_CO2_factor83.26floatConversion factor from kg C to mol CO₂ (mol kg⁻¹).
CO2_diffusion_coefficient1.39e-5floatDiffusion coefficient for CO₂ in air at standard temperature and pressure (m² s⁻¹). Source: Ryan et al. (2018), DOI: 10.5194/gmd-11-1909-2018.
oxygen_diffusion_coefficient1.67floatDiffusion coefficient of oxygen in air (unitless). Source: Davidson et al. (2011), DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02546.x.
soil_C_substrate_diffusivity3.17floatDiffusivity of soil C substrate in liquid (unitless). Source: Ryan et al. (2018), DOI: 10.5194/gmd-11-1909-2018.
soilCO2_pre_exponential_factor194000.0floatPre-exponential factor for soil CO₂ model (kg C m⁻³ s⁻¹). Source: Davidson et al. (2011), DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02546.x.
soilCO2_activation_energy61000.0floatActivation energy for soil CO₂ model (J mol⁻¹). Source: Davidson et al. (2011), DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02546.x.
michaelis_constant0.005floatMichaelis constant (kg C m⁻³). Source: Davidson et al. (2011), DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02546.x.
O2_michaelis_constant0.004floatMichaelis constant for O₂ (m³ m⁻³). Source: Davidson et al. (2011), DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02546.x.
O2_volume_fraction0.209floatVolumetric fraction of O₂ in the soil air (unitless). Source: Davidson et al. (2011), DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02546.x.
soluble_soil_carbon_fraction0.024floatFraction of soil carbon that is considered soluble (unitless). Source: Davidson et al. (2011), DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02546.x.

Soil Model

NameValueTypeDescription
thermal_conductivity_of_quartz8.0floatThermal conductivity of quartz (W m⁻¹ K⁻¹). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.
thermal_conductivity_of_soil_minerals2.5floatThermal conductivity of soil minerals, excluding quartz (W m⁻¹ K⁻¹). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.
thermal_conductivity_of_organic_matter0.25floatThermal conductivity of organic matter (W m⁻¹ K⁻¹). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.
thermal_conductivity_of_liquid_water0.57floatThermal conductivity of liquid water at 10°C (W m⁻¹ K⁻¹). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.
thermal_conductivity_of_water_ice2.21floatThermal conductivity of water ice at its freezing temperature (W m⁻¹ K⁻¹). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.
kersten_number_alpha0.24floatEmpirical constant $\alpha$ used in computing the Kersten number (unitless). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.
kersten_number_beta18.3floatEmpirical constant $\beta$ used in computing the Kersten number (unitless). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.
ice_impedance_omega7.0floatImpedance parameter $\Omega$ used to adjust soil hydraulic conductivity for ice presence (unitless). Source: Lundin (1990), DOI: 10.1016/0022-1694(90)90264-X.
temperature_factor_soil_hydraulic_conductivity0.0264floatAn empirical parameter for adjusting soil hydraulic conductivity based on temperature (K⁻¹).
temperature_reference_soil_hydraulic_conductivity288floatThe reference temperature for adjusting soil hydraulic conductivity (K).
maximum_dry_soil_layer_depth0.015floatMaximum depth of the dry soil layer that can develop under evaporation (m). Source: Shokri and Or (2011), DOI: 10.1029/2010WR010284.
emissivity_bare_soil0.96floatEmissivity of bare soil (unitless). Source: CLM5 Technical Note (2020).

Energy Hydrology

NameValueTypeDescription
soil_momentum_roughness_length0.01floatMomentum roughness length for soil (m). Source: CLM5 Technical Note (2020).
soil_scalar_roughness_length0.007floatScalar roughness length for soil (m), assuming friction velocity $u_*$ of 5 m s⁻¹. Source: CLM5 Technical Note (2020).
snow_momentum_roughness_length0.0024floatMomentum roughness length for snow (m). Source: CLM5 Technical Note (2020).
snow_scalar_roughness_length0.08floatScalar roughness length for snow (m), assuming friction velocity $u_*$ of 5 m s⁻¹. Source: CLM5 Technical Note (2020).
particle_density_quartz2660.0floatParticle density of quartz (kg m⁻³). Source: Hillel (1982); De Vries (1966).
particle_density_minerals2650.0floatParticle density of soil minerals (kg m⁻³). Source: Hillel (1982).
particle_density_organic_matter1300.0floatParticle density of organic matter (kg m⁻³). Source: Hillel (1982).
vol_heat_capacity_quartz2.01e6floatVolumetric heat capacity of quartz (J m⁻³ K⁻¹). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.
vol_heat_capacity_organic_matter2.51e6floatVolumetric heat capacity of organic matter (J m⁻³ K⁻¹). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.
vol_heat_capacity_minerals2.01e6floatVolumetric heat capacity of soil minerals excluding quartz (J m⁻³ K⁻¹). Source: Balland and Arp (2005), DOI: 10.1139/s05-007.

Bucket Model

NameValueTypeDescription
soil_conductivity1.5floatConstant conductivity of the soil (W m⁻¹ K⁻¹). Source: SLIM model, Laguë et al. (2019).
soil_heat_capacity2.0e6floatVolumetric heat capacity of the soil (J m⁻³ K⁻¹). Source: SLIM model, Laguë et al. (2019).
critical_snow_water_equivalent0.05floatCritical snow water equivalent ($\sigma_{SWE}$) at which the surface transitions to fully snow-covered (m). Source: SLIM model, Laguë et al. (2019).
land_bucket_capacity0.2floatWater capacity of the land bucket (m). Source: SLIM model, Laguë et al. (2019).
critical_snow_fraction0.0floatFraction of the critical snow amount at which the sublimation factor ($\beta$) begins to decay to zero (unitless). Source: SLIM model, Laguë et al. (2019).
bucket_capacity_fraction0.75floatFraction of the bucket capacity at which the evaporation factor ($\beta$) begins to decay to zero (unitless). Source: SLIM model, Laguë et al. (2019).
bucket_beta_decay_exponent1floatExponent used in the decay of the evaporation/sublimation factor ($\beta$) (unitless). Source: SLIM model, Laguë et al. (2019).

Snow

NameValueTypeDescription
snow_density200floatDensity of snow (kg m⁻³).
snow_albedo0.8floatAlbedo of snow (unitless).
snow_emissivity0.97floatEmissivity of snow (unitless). Source: CLM5 Technical Note (2020).
holding_capacity_of_water_in_snow0.08floatVolumetric holding capacity of liquid water in a snowpack (unitless).
wet_snow_hydraulic_conductivity0.001floatHydraulic conductivity of wet snow (m s⁻¹).
snow_cover_fraction_crit_threshold0.2floatCritical threshold for determining snow cover fraction (m).

Two-Stream and Beer-Lambert

NameValueTypeDescription
wavelength_per_PAR_photon5.0e-7floatTypical wavelength of a photon in the Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) band (m).
wavelength_per_NIR_photon1.65e-6floatTypical wavelength of a photon in the Near-Infrared (NIR) band (m).
canopy_emissivity0.97floatEmissivity of the canopy (unitless).

Medlyn Conductance

NameValueTypeDescription
relative_diffusivity_of_water_vapor1.6floatRelative diffusivity of water vapor compared to heat (unitless).
min_stomatal_conductance0.0001floatMinimum stomatal conductance (mol m⁻² s⁻¹).

Model Diagnostics

NameValueTypeDescription
cloud_top_q_threshold1.0e-8floatMinimum value for condensate required to calculate top of cloud (kg kg⁻¹).
cloud_top_k1.0e10floatParameter controlling steepness of (logistic) transition between cloud and non-cloud for cloud top calculations (unitless).
cloud_top_a0.001floatParameter controlling exponential scale of favoring cloud top for cloud top calculations (unitless).
cloud_fraction_param_vec[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, …] (5 entries)floatData-driven cloud fraction parameter vector (unitless).
cloud_fraction_steepness_scale1.0floatScale parameter for the steepness of the cloud fraction/condensate relationship (unitless). Should be 1 for exact Gaussian/lognormal SGS distributions.
cloud_fraction_eps_rel0.02floatResidual fractional saturation variability (unitless) entering the augmented-$\sigma$ floor in the cloud-fraction closure: $\sigma_{S,\text{floor}}^2 = (\varepsilon_\text{rel} \cdot q_\text{sat})^2 + \sigma_\text{abs}^2$. Models intra-environment condensate patchiness that the equilibrium SGS variance does not capture.
cloud_fraction_sigma_abs1.0e-7floatAbsolute floor (kg kg⁻¹) on the augmented saturation-deficit standard deviation in the cloud-fraction closure $\sigma_{S,\text{floor}}^2 = (\varepsilon_\text{rel} \cdot q_\text{sat})^2 + \sigma_\text{abs}^2$, used for numerical robustness as $q_\text{sat} \to 0$.

Idealized Benchmarks

Held-Suarez

NameValueTypeDescription
held_suarez_T_equator_dry315floatEquatorial temperature for the dry Held-Suarez benchmark (K). Source: Held and Suarez (1994), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1825:APFTIO>2.0.CO;2.
held_suarez_T_equator_wet294floatEquatorial temperature for the moist Held-Suarez benchmark (K). Source: Held and Suarez (1994), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1825:APFTIO>2.0.CO;2.
potential_temp_vertical_gradient10floatVertical gradient of potential temperature with height (K m⁻¹). Source: Held and Suarez (1994), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1825:APFTIO>2.0.CO;2.
drag_layer_vertical_extent0.7floatVertical extent of the drag layer as a fraction of total pressure depth (unitless). Source: Held and Suarez (1994), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1825:APFTIO>2.0.CO;2.
held_suarez_minimum_temperature200floatMinimum temperature allowed in the benchmark (K). Source: Held and Suarez (1994), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1825:APFTIO>2.0.CO;2.
equator_pole_temperature_gradient_dry60floatEquator-to-pole temperature gradient for the dry benchmark (K). Source: Held and Suarez (1994), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1825:APFTIO>2.0.CO;2.
equator_pole_temperature_gradient_wet65floatEquator-to-pole temperature gradient for the moist benchmark (K). Source: Held and Suarez (1994), DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1825:APFTIO>2.0.CO;2.

RCEMIP

NameValueTypeDescription
SST_mean300floatMean sea surface temperature (SST) for RCEMIP surface conditions (K). Source: Wing et al. (2018).
SST_delta1.25floatAmplitude of the SST sinusoid for RCEMIP surface conditions (K). Note: value is $2 \times$ amplitude. Source: Wing et al. (2018).
SST_wavelength6.0e6floatWavelength of the SST sinusoid for RCEMIP box models (m). Source: Wing et al. (2018).
SST_wavelength_latitude54floatWavelength of the SST sinusoid for RCEMIP sphere models (degrees latitude). Source: Wing et al. (2018).